3,516
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Intersections of Race, Gender, Disadvantage, and Violence: Applying Intersectionality to the Macro-Level Study of Female Homicide

References

  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, and bodies: A theory of gendered organization. Gender & Society, 4, 139–158.
  • Almgren, G., Guest, A., Inmerwahr, G., & Spittel, M. (1998). Joblessness, family disruption, and violent death in Chicago, 1970-1990. Social Forces, 76, 1465–1493.
  • Andersen, M. L., & Collins, P. H. (2006). Race, class, and gender: An anthology (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Baca Zinn, M., & Thornton Dill, B. (1996). Theorizing difference from multiracial feminism. Feminist Studies, 22, 321–331.
  • Batton, C., & Jensen, G. (2002). Decommodification and homicide rates in the 20th-century United States. Homicide Studies, 6, 6–38.
  • Bell, C. C., & Mattis, J. (2000). The importance of cultural competence in ministering to African American victims of domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 6, 515–532.
  • Bennett, N., Bloom, D., & Craig, P. (1992). American marriage patterns in transition. In Scott J. South, & Stewart E. Tolnay (Eds.), The changing American family (pp. 89–117). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Bent-Goodley, T. B. (2004). Perceptions of domestic violence: A dialogue with African American women. Health & Social Work, 29, 307–316.
  • Bent-Goodley, T. B. (2005). Culture and domestic violence: Transforming knowledge development. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 195–203.
  • Best, R. K., Edelman, L. B., Krieger, L. H., & Eliason, S. R. (2011). Multiple disadvantages: An empirical test of intersectionality theory in EEO litigation. Law & Society Review, 45, 991–1025.
  • Blumstein, A., & Wallman, J. (2000). The crime drop in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brame, R., & Paternoster, R. (2003). Missing data problems in criminological research: Two case studies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 55–78.
  • Broidy, L., & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A gender strain theory perspective. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 275–306.
  • Brown, A., & Williams, K. R. (1993). Gender, intimacy, and lethal violence: Trends from 1976-1987. Gender & Society, 7, 78–98.
  • Browne, A. (1987). When battered women kill. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Browne, I. (1997). Explaining the black-white gap in labor force participation among women heading households. American Sociological Review, 62, 236–252.
  • Browne, I. (1999). Latinas and African-American women at work: Race, gender, and economic inequality. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
  • Browne, I., & Misra, J. (2003). The intersection of gender and race in the labor market. American Review of Sociology, 29, 487–513.
  • Burgess-Proctor, A. (2006). Intersections of race, class, gender, and crime: Future directions for feminist criminology. Feminist criminology, 1, 27–47.
  • Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2009). Microeconometrics using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Chamlin, M., & Cochran, J. K. (2006). Economic inequality, legitimacy, and cross-national homicide rates. Homicide Studies, 10, 231–252.
  • Chesney-Lind, M. (2002). Criminalizing victimization: The unintended consequences of pro-arrest policies for girls and women. Criminology and Public Policy, 2, 81–90.
  • Chesney-Lind, M. (2006). Patriarchy, crime, and justice: Feminist criminology in an era of backlash. Feminist criminology, 1, 6–26.
  • Chilton, R., & Datesman, S. K. (1987). Gender, race, and crime: An analysis of urban arrest trends, 1960–1980. Gender & Society, 1, 152–171.
  • Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist Thought. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241–1299.
  • Donnelly, D. A., Cook, K. J., Van Ausdale, D., & Foley, L. (2005). White privilege, color blindness, and services to battered women. Violence Against Women, 11, 6–37.
  • Dugan, L., Nagin, D. S., & Rosenfeld, R. (1999). Explaining the decline in intimate partner homicide: The effects of changing domesticity, women’s status, and domestic violence resources. Homicide Studies, 3, 187–214.
  • Dugan, L., Nagin, D. S., & Rosenfeld, R. (2003). Exposure reduction or retaliation? The effects of domestic violence resources on intimate-partner homicide. Law & Society Review, 37, 169–198.
  • Eitle, D., D’Alessio, S. J., & Stolzenberg, L. (2006). Economic segregation, race, and homicide. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 638–657.
  • Fox, J. A. (2004). Missing data problems in the SHR. Homicide Studies, 8, 214–254.
  • Fox, J. A., & Swatt, M. L. (2009a). Uniform crime reports [United States]: Supplementary homicide reports with multiple imputation, cumulative files 1976-2007. ICPSR24801-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
  • Fox, J. A., & Swatt, M. L. (2009b). Multiple imputation of supplementary homicide reports, 1976-2005. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25, 51–77.
  • Freedman, E. B. (2002). No turning back: The history of feminism and the future of women. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
  • Gillum, T. L. (2008). Community response and needs of African American female survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 39–57.
  • Greene, W. H. (1996). Econometric analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Hackney, S. (1969). Southern violence. American Historical Review, 74, 906–925.
  • Harer, M. D., & Steffensmeier, D. (1992). The differing effects of economic inequality on black and white rates of violence. Social Forces, 70, 1035–1054.
  • Haynie, D. L., & Armstrong, D. P. (2006). Race- and gender- disaggregated homicide offending rates: Differences and similarities by victim-offender relations across cities. Homicide Studies, 10, 3–32.
  • Henning, K. R., & Klesges, L. M. (2002). Utilization of counseling and support services by female victims of domestic abuse. Violence and Victims, 17, 623–636.
  • Hill, G. D., & Crawford, E. M. (1990). Women, race, and crime. Criminology, 28, 601–626.
  • Huff-Corzine, L., Corzine, J., & Moore, D. C. (1986). Southern exposure: Deciphering the South’s influence on homicide rates. Social Forces, 64, 906–924.
  • Ihlanfledt, K., & Sjoquist, D. (1989). The impact of job decentralization on the economic welfare of central city blacks. Journal of Urban Economics, 32, 70–91.
  • Jacobs, D., & Carmichael, J. T. (2001). The politics of punishment across time and space: A pooled time-series analysis. Social Forces, 80, 61–89.
  • Jacobs, D., & Richardson, A. M. (2008). Homicide inequality and homicide in developed nations from 1975 to 1995. Homicide Studies, 12, 28–46.
  • Jones, N. (2010a). Between good and ghetto: African American girls and inner-city violence. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Jones, N. (2010b). It’s about being a survivor. In Meda Chesney-Lind & Nikki Jones (Eds.), Fighting for girls: New perspectives on gender and violence (pp. 203-218). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Kent, S. L., & Jacobs, D. (2005). Minority threat and police strength from 1980–2000: A fixed-effects analysis of nonlinear and interactive effects in large US cities. Criminology, 43, 731–760.
  • Krivo, L. J., & Peterson, R. D. (2000). The structural context of homicide: Accounting for racial differences in process. American Sociological Review, 65, 547–559.
  • Kruttschnitt, C., & Carbone-Lopez, K. (2006). Moving beyond the stereotypes: Women’s subjective accounts of their violent crimes. Criminology, 44, 321–351.
  • Kubrin, C., & Wadsworth, T. (2003). Identifying the structural correlates of African American killings: What can we learn from data disaggregation? Homicide Studies, 7, 3–35.
  • Land, K. C., McCall, P. L., & Cohen, L. E. (1990). Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space? American Journal of Sociology, 95, 922–963.
  • Lauritsen, J. L., & Heimer, K. (2010). Violent victimization among males and economic conditions: The vulnerability of race and ethnic minorities. Criminology & Public Policy, 9, 665–692.
  • Lee, M. R. (2000). Concentrated poverty, race, and homicide. The Sociological Quarterly, 41, 189–206.
  • Lee, M. R., Hayes, T. C., & Thomas, S. A. (2008). Regional variation in the effect of structural factors on homicide in rural areas. The Social Science Journal, 45, 76–94.
  • Loftin, C., & Hill, H. (1974). Regional subculture and homicide: An examination of the Gastil-Hackney thesis. American Sociological Review, 39, 714–724.
  • MacLanahan, S., & Garfinkel, I. (1989). Single mothers, the underclass, and social policy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 501, 92–104.
  • Macy, R. J., Giattina, M. C., Parish, S. L., & Crosby, C. (2010). Domestic violence and sexual assault services: Historical concerns and contemporary challenges. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 3–32.
  • Maher, L. (1997). Sexed work: Gender, race, and resistance in a Brooklyn drug market. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Mann, C. R. (1996). When women kill. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Massey, D. S. (2001). The prodigal paradigm returns: Ecology comes back to sociology. In Alan Booth & Ann Crouter (Eds.), Does it take a village? Community effects on children adolescents, and families (pp. 41-48). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Maume, M. O., & Lee, M. R. (2003). Social institutions and violence: A sub-national test of institutional anomie theory. Criminology, 41, 1137–1172.
  • McCall, L. (2001). Sources of racial wage inequality in metropolitan labor markets: Racial, ethnic, and gender differences. American Sociological Review, 66, 520–541.
  • McCall, P. L., Land, K. C., & Parker, K. F. (2010). An empirical assessment of what we know about structural covariates of homicide rates: A return to a classic 20 years later. Homicide Studies, 14, 219–243.
  • McCall, P. L., Parker, K. F., & MacDonald, J. M. (2008). The dynamic relationship between homicide rates and social, economic, and political factors from 1970 to 2000. Social Science Research, 37, 721–735.
  • Messner, S. F. (1983a). Regional differences in the economic correlates of urban homicide rates. Criminology, 21, 477–488.
  • Messner, S. F. (1983b). Regional and racial effects on the urban homicide rate: The subculture of violence revisited. The American Journal of Sociology, 88, 997–1007.
  • Messner, S. F., Deane, G. D., Anselin, L., & Pearson-Nelson, B. (2005). Locating the vanguard in rising and falling homicide rates across US cities. Criminology, 43, 661–696.
  • Messner, S. F., & Golden, R. M. (1992). Racial inequality and racially disaggregated homicide rates: An assessment of alternative theoretical explanations. Criminology, 30, 421–448.
  • Miller, J. (2008). Getting played: African American girls, urban inequality, and gendered violence. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Moss, P., & Tilly, C. (1996). Soft-skills and race: An investigation of Black men’s employment problems. Work and Occupations, 23, 252–276.
  • Nelsen, C., Corzine, J., & Huff-Corzine, L. (1994). The violent west re-examined: A research note on regional homicide rates. Criminology, 32, 149–161.
  • Osgood, D. W. (2000). Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 21–43.
  • Ousey, G. C. (2000). Deindustrialization, female-headed families, and black and white juvenile homicide rates, 1970–1990. Sociological Inquiry, 70, 391–419.
  • Pampel, F. C., & William, K. R. (2000). Intimacy and homicide: Compensating for missing data in the SHR. Criminology, 38, 661–680.
  • Parker, K. F. (2001). A move toward specificity: Examining urban disadvantage and race-and relationship-specific homicide rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 89–110.
  • Parker, K. F. (2004). Industrial shift, polarized labor markets and urban violence: Modeling the dynamics between the economic transformation and disaggregated homicide. Criminology, 42, 619–646.
  • Parker, K. F. (2008). Unequal crime decline: Theorizing race, urban inequality and criminal violence. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Parker, K. F., & Johns, T. (2002). Urban disadvantage and types of race-specific homicide: Assessing the diversity in family structures in the urban context. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 277–303.
  • Parker, K. F., & McCall, P. L. (1999). Structural conditions and racial homicide patterns: A look at the multiple disadvantages in urban areas. Criminology, 37, 447–478.
  • Parker, K. F., & Pruitt, M. V. (2000). Why the west was one: Explaining the similarities in race-specific homicides in the west and south. Social Forces, 78, 1483–1508.
  • Parker, K. F., & Reckdenwald, A. (2008). Concentrated disadvantage, traditional male role models, and Black juvenile arrests for violence. Criminology, 46, 711–735.
  • Patterson, E. B. (1991). Poverty, income inequality, and community crime rates. Criminology, 29, 755–776.
  • Peterson, E. S. L. (2004). Murder as self-help: Women and intimate partner homicide. In Meda Chesney-Lind & Lisa Pasko (Eds.), Women, Girls, and Crime: Selected Readings (pp. 147-156). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Peterson, R. D., & Krivo, L. J. (1993). Racial segregation and urban black homicide. Social Forces, 71, 1001–1026.
  • Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004). Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration. American Sociological Review, 69, 151–169.
  • Pew Research Center. (2008, February). One in 100: Behind bars in America 2008. Retrieved from http://www.pewstates.org/uploadedFiles/PCS_Assets/2008/one%20in%20100.pdf
  • Phillips, J. A. (2002). White, black and Latino homicide rates: Why the difference? Social Problems, 49, 349–374.
  • Potter, H. (2006). An argument for black feminist criminology: Understanding African American women’s experiences with intimate partner abuse using an integrated approach. Feminist Criminology, 1, 106–124.
  • Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2005). Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime: A meta-analysis. Crime and Justice, 32, 373–450.
  • Pratt, T. C., & Godsey, T. W. (2003). Social support, inequality, and homicide: A cross-national test of an integrated theoretical model. Criminology, 41, 611–644.
  • Reckdenwald, A., & Parker, K. F. (2008). The influence of gender inequality and marginalization on types of female offending. Homicide Studies, 12, 208–226.
  • Reckdenwald, A., & Parker, K. F. (2010). Understanding gender-specific intimate partner homicide: A theoretical and domestic service-oriented approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 951–958.
  • Reckdenwald, A., & Parker, K. F. (2011). Understanding the change in male and female intimate partner homicide over time: A policy- and theory- relevant investigation. Feminist Criminology, 6, 167–195.
  • Richie, B. E. (1996). Compelled to crime: The gender entrapment of black battered women. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Richie, B. E. (2000). A black feminist reflection on the antiviolence movement. Signs, 25, 1133–1137.
  • Richie, B. E. (2012). Arrested justice: Black women, violence, and America’s prison nation. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Robinson, C. L., Taylor, T., Tomaskovic-Devey, D., Zimmer, C., & Irvin, M. (2005). Studying race and sex segregation at the establishment-level: Methodological concerns and substantive opportunities in the use of EEO-1 data. Work & Occupation, 32, 5–38.
  • Rose, D., & Clear, T. (1998). Incarceration, social capital, and crime: Implications for social disorganization theory. Criminology, 36, 441–479.
  • Rosenfeld, R. (1986). Urban crime rates: Effects of inequality, welfare dependency, region, and race. In James M. Byrne, & Robert J. Sampson (Eds.), The social ecology of crime. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
  • Sampson, R. J. (1987). Urban black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 348–382.
  • Sampson, R. J., & Wilson, W. J. (1995). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In John Hagan & Ruth D. Peterson (Eds.), Crime and inequality (pp. 37-54). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Schwartz, J. (2006a). Effects of diverse forms of family structure on female and male homicide. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 1291–1312.
  • Schwartz, J. (2006b). Family structure as a source of female and male homicide in the United States. Homicide Studies, 10, 253–278.
  • Shihadeh, E. S., & Ousey, G. C. (1996). Metropolitan expansion and black social dislocation: The link between suburbanization and center-city crime. Social Forces, 75, 649–666.
  • Shihadeh, E. S., & Steffensmeier, D. J. (1994). Economic inequality, family disruption, and urban black violence: Cities as units of stratification and social control. Social Forces, 73, 729–751.
  • Simpson, S. S. (1991). Caste, class, and violent crime: Explaining differences in female offending. Criminology, 29, 115–135.
  • Simpson, S. S., & Elis, L. (1995). Doing gender: Sorting out the caste and crime conundrum. Criminology, 33, 47–81.
  • Smith, S. A., & Tienda, M. (1987). The doubly disadvantaged: Women of the US labor force. In Ann Stromberg & Shirley Harkess (Eds.), Working women (2nd ed.) (pp. 61-80). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.
  • Sokoloff, N. J., & Dupont, I. (2005). Domestic violence at the intersection of race, class, and gender: Challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities. Violence Against Women, 11, 38–64.
  • South, S. J. (1992). For love or money? Sociodemographic determinants of the expected benefits from marriage. In J. Scott & Stewart E. Tolnay (Eds.), The changing American family (pp. 171-194). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Spohn, C., & Holleran, D. (2000). The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed black and Hispanic male offenders. Criminology, 38, 281–306.
  • Staples, R. (1997). An overview of race and marital status. In Harriette Pipes McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (3rd ed.) (pp. 269-272). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Steffensmeier, D., & Haynie, D. (2000a). Gender, structural disadvantage, and urban crime: Do macrosocial variables also explain female offending rates? Criminology, 38, 403–438.
  • Steffensmeier, D., & Haynie, D. (2000b). The structural sources of urban female violence in the United States: A macrosocial gender-disaggregated analysis of adult and juvenile homicide offending rates. Homicide Studies, 4, 107–134.
  • Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J., & Kramer, J. (1998). The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, black, and male. Criminology, 36, 763–793.
  • Strom, K. J., & MacDonald, J. M. (2007). The influence of social and economic disadvantage on racial patterns in youth homicide over time. Homicide Studies, 11, 50–69.
  • US Department of Commerce. (1993). 1992 AFDC recipient characteristics study: Administration for children and families, office of family assistance. Washington, DC: Government printing office.
  • US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2007). Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2006. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/pjim06.pdf
  • Velez, M. B., Krivo, L. J., & Peterson, R. D. (2003). Structural inequality and homicide: An assessment of the black-white gap in killings. Criminology, 41, 645–672.
  • Villarreal, A. (2004). The social ecology of rural violence: Land scarcity, the organization of agricultural production, and the presence of the state. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 313–348.
  • Wells, W., & DeLeon-Granados, W. (2004). The intimate partner homicide decline: Disaggregated trends, theoretical explanations, and policy implications. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 15, 229–246.
  • Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Wilson, W. J. (2003). Race, class, and urban poverty: A rejoinder. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26, 1096–1114.
  • Worrall, J. L. (2009). Social support and homicide. Homicide Studies, 13, 124–143.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.