References
- Babbie, E. R. (1989). The practice of social research (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wordsworth.
- Bayley, D. H. (1983). Knowledge of the police. In M. Punch (Ed.), Control in the police organization (pp. 18-35). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Bayley, D. H. (1994). Police for the future. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Bernstein, D., & Isackson, N. (2014, May). The Truth about Chicago’s Crime Statistics. Chicago Magazine. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/May-2014/Chicago-crime-rates/
- Bourbonnais, R., Meyer, F., & Theriault, G. (1988). Validity of self reported work history. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 45, 29-32.
- Bowling, B. (1999). The rise and fall of New York murder: Zero tolerance or crack’s decline? British Journal of Criminology, 39, 531-554.10.1093/bjc/39.4.531
- Bradburn, N. M. (1983). Response effects. In P. H. Rossi, J. D. Wright, & A. B. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (pp. 289-318). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Bradburn, N. M., Rips, L. J., & Shevell, S. K. (1987). Answering autobiographical questions: The impact of memory and inference on surveys. Science, 236, 157-161.10.1126/science.3563494
- Bratton, W. (1998). The turnaround: How America’s top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York, NY: Random House.
- Bureau of Justice Assistance, Police Executive Research Forum. (2013). Compstat: Its origins, evolution, and future in law enforcement agencies. Retrieved November 13, from http://policeforum.org/library/compstat/Compstat.pdf
- Campbell, D. T. (1976). Assessing the impact of planned social change. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2, 67-90. https://www.globalhivmeinfo.org/CapacityBuilding/Occasional%20Papers/08%20Assessing%20the%20Impact%20of%20Planned%20Social%20Change.pdf
- Conklin, J. E. (2003). Why crime rates fell? Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Melani Christian, L. (2009). Internet, mail and mixed mode surveys: The tailored design method. Hoboken, NY: Wiley.
- Drummond, D. S. (1976). Police culture. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- El-Ghobashy, T. (2011, January 7). Minorities gain in NYPD ranks. The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704415104576066302323002420
- Eterno, J. A., & Silverman, E. B. (2010). Understanding police management: A typology of the underside of compstat. Professional Issues in Criminal Justice, 5, 11-28.
- Eterno, J. A., & Silverman, E. B. (2012). The crime numbers game: Management by manipulation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.10.1201/CRCADVPOLTHE
- For 1st Time Ever, 2 Black Women in Command of NYPD Precinct. (2011, July 29). NBC television [channel 4 news]. New York City, NY. http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/NYPD-Diversity-Black-Women-Cops-Bed-Stuy-81st-Precinct-126390033.html
- Greenberg, D. F. (2014). Studying New York City’s crime decline: Methodological issues. Justice Quarterly, 31, 154-188.10.1080/07418825.2012.752026
- Harcourt, B. E. (2001). Illusion of order: The false promise of broken windows policing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Henry, V. H. (2002). The compstat paradigm: Management accountability in policing, business and the public sector. New York, NY: Looseleaf Law.
- Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.10.1002/0471722146
- Karmen, A. (2000). New York murder mystery: The true story behind the crime crash of the 1990s. New York, NY: NYU Press.
- Karmen, A. (2014). Evaluating how the NYPD handles crime victims: Judgments based on statistical performance measures. In Draft chapter for J. A. Eterno (Ed.), The New York City police department: The impact of its policies and practices (pp. 47-70). Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
- Kelling, G. L., & Coles, C. M. (1998). Fixing broken windows: Restoring order and reducing crime in our communities. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Kelling, G. L., & Sousa, W. H. (2001). Do police matter? An analysis of the impact of New York City’s police reforms (Civic Report No. 22). New York, NY: Manhattan Institute.
- Langan, P., & Durose, M. (2004). The remarkable drop in crime in New York City. Paper delivered at the International Conference on Crime, Rome, December 3–5.
- Maltz, M. (1977). Crime statistics: A historical perspective. Crime & Delinquency, 23, 32-40.
- Manning, P. (1977). Police work. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Maple, J. (1999). The crime fighter: How you can make your community crime free. New York, NY: Doubleday.
- Marvell, T. B., & Moody, C. E. (1996). Specification problems, police levels, and crime rates. Criminology, 34, 609-646.10.1111/crim.1996.34.issue-4
- McCleary, R., Nienstedt, B. C., & Erven, J. M. (1982). Uniform crime reports as organizational outcomes. Social Problems, 29, 361-372.
- Messner, S. F., Galea, S., Tardiff, K. J., Tracy, M., Bucciarelli, A., Piper, T., … Vlahov, D. (2007). Policing, drugs, and the homicide decline in New York City in the 1990s. Criminology, 45, 385-414.10.1111/crim.2007.45.issue-2
- Mosher, C. J., Miethe, T. D., & Hart, T. C. (2011). The mismeasure of crime. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.10.4135/9781483349497
- Neuman, W. L. (2000). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
- New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. (2011). http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/html/home/home.shtml
- NYPD. (2013, April 8). The report of the crime reporting review committee to commissioner Raymond W. Kelly Concerning Compstat Auditing. David Kelley and Sharon McCarthy. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/crime_reporting_review_committee_final_report_2013.pdf
- NYPD Press Release. (2009, April 15). NYPD celebrating women in policing. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/pr/pr_2009_ph07.shtml
- Ortiz, E. (2011, July 17). Many city agencies flout law by withholding public info from press. amNewYork.com http://www.amny.com/urbanite-1.812039/many-city-agencies-flout-law-by-withholding-public-info-from-press-1.3031728
- Rashbaum, W. K. (2005, April 22). Police corruption panel is losing its chairman. The New York Times, New York, NY. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DF1431F931A15757C0A9639C8B63http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DF1431F931A15757C0A9639C8B63
- Rayman, G. (2012, March 7). The NYPD tapes confirmed. The Village Voice, New York, NY. http://www.villagevoice.com/2012-03-07/news/the-nypd-tapes-confirmed/
- Reaves, B. A. (2010, December). Local Police Departments 2007. Bureau of justice statistics, Table 22. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd07.pdf
- Reuss-Ianni, E. (1983). Two cultures of policing. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
- Rosenfeld, R., Fornango, R., & Rengifo, A. F. (2007). The impact of order-maintenance policing on New York City homicide and robbery rates: 1988–2001. Criminology, 45, 355-384.10.1111/crim.2007.45.issue-2
- Rosenfeld, R., & Fornango, R. (2014). The impact of police stops on precinct robbery and burglary rates in New York City 2003-1010. Justice Quarterly, 31, 96-122.10.1080/07418825.2012.712152
- Seidman, D., & Couzens, M. (1974). Getting the crime rate down: Political pressure and crime reporting. Law & Society Review, 8, 457-494.10.2307/3053084
- Sheehan, K. B. (2001). E-mail survey response rates: A review. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00117.x
- Silverman, E. B. (2001). Epilogue. NYPD battles crime: Innovative strategies in policing. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
- Skitka, L. J., & Sargis, E. G. (2006). The internet as psychological laboratory. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 529-555. Cited by Mosher, Miethe, and Hart (2011).10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190048
- Stewart, W. F., Tonascia, J. A., & Matanoski, G. M. (1987). The validity of questionnaire-reported work history in live respondents. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 29, 795-800.
- Unions Call for Crime Stat Audit and Crime Reporting Policy Change. (2004, March 23). http://nycpba.org/archive/releases/04/pr040323-stats.html
- Weisburd, D., Mastrofski, S. D., McNally, A. M., Greenspan, R., & Willis, J. J. (2001). Compstat and organizational change: Findings from a national survey (Report submitted to the National Institute of Justice by the Police Foundation). Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
- Xie, M. (2014). Area differences and time trends in crime reporting: Comparing New York with other metropolitan areas. Justice Quarterly, 31, 43-73.10.1080/07418825.2012.742126
- Zelinski, E. M. (1999). Self-reported memory and performance in the oldest-old; comparisons between a representative and a convenience sample. The Gerontologist. Special Issue, 39, 484.
- Zimring, F. E. (2011). The city that became safe: New York’s lessons for urban crime and its control (Studies in Crime and Public Policy). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.