537
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Examining All-cause and Cause-specific Mortality among Former Prisoners in Pennsylvania

References

  • Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2014). The psychology of criminal conduct. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Aune, D., Sen, A., Prasad, M., Norat, T., Janszky, I., Tonstad, S., … Vatten, L. J. (2016). BMI and all cause mortality: Systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants. BMJ, 353, i2156.10.1136/bmj.i2156
  • Baillargeon, J., Hoge, S. K., & Penn, J. V. (2010). Addressing the challenge of community reentry among released inmates with serious mental illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46, 361-375.10.1007/s10464-010-9345-6
  • Balmert, L. C., Buchanich, J. M., Pringle, J. L., Williams, K. E., Burke, D. S., & Marsh, G. M. (2016). Patterns and trends in accidental poisoning deaths: Pennsylvania’s experience 1979–2014. PLoS ONE, 11, e0151655.10.1371/journal.pone.0151655
  • Beletsky, L., LaSalle, L., Newman, M., Paré, J. M., Tam, J. S., & Tochka, A. B. (2015). Fatal re-entry: Legal and programmatic opportunities to curb opioid overdose among individuals newly released from incarceration. Northeastern University Law Journal, 7, 155-215.
  • Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Hartge, P., Cerhan, J. R., Flint, A. J., Hannan, L., MacInnis, R. J., … Beeson, W.L. (2010). Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 2211-2219.10.1056/NEJMoa1000367
  • Besen, E., & Pranksy, G. (2014). Assessing the relationship between chronic health conditions and productivity loss trajectories. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 1249-1257.10.1097/JOM.0000000000000328
  • Binswanger, I. A., Blatchford, P. J., Lindsay, R. G., & Stern, M. F. (2011a). Risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early deaths after release from prison in Washington state. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117, 1-6.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.029
  • Binswanger, I. A., Blatchford, P. J., Mueller, S. R., & Stern, M. F. (2013). Mortality after prison release: Opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159, 592-600.10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005
  • Binswanger, I. A., Nowels, C., Corsi, K. F., Long, J., Booth, R. E., Kutner, J., & Steiner, J. F. (2011b). “From the prison door right to the sidewalk, everything went downhill,” A qualitative study of the health experiences of recently released inmates. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34, 249-255.10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.07.002
  • Binswanger, I. A., Stern, M. F., Deyo, R. A., Heagerty, P. J., Cheadle, A., Elmore, J. G., & Koepsell, T. D. (2007). Release from prison ? A high risk of death for former inmates. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 157-165.10.1056/NEJMsa064115
  • Binswanger, I. A., Nowels, C., Corsi, K. F., Glanz, J., Long, J., Booth, R. E., & Steiner, J. F. (2012). Return to drug use and overdose after release from prison: A qualitative study of risk and protective factors. Addiction Science & Cinical Practice, 7, 1–9.
  • Binswanger, I. A., Stern, M. F., Yamashita, T. E., Mueller, S. R., Baggett, T. P., & Blatchford, P. J. (2016). Clinical risk factors for death after release from prison in Washington State: A nested case-control study. Addiction, 111, 499-510.10.1111/add.13200
  • Carson, A. E. (2015). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2015). Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 15078-15083.10.1073/pnas.1518393112
  • CDC. (2013). CDC health disparities and inequalities report—United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Cheliotis, L. K., & Liebling, A. (2006). Race matters in British prisons: Towards a research agenda. British Journal of Criminology, 46, 286-317.10.1093/bjc/azi058
  • Chen, C. Y., Wu, P. N., Su, L. W., Chou, Y. J., & Lin, K. M. (2010). Three-year mortality and predictors after release: A longitudinal study of the first-time drug offenders in Taiwan. Addiction, 105, 920-927.10.1111/add.2010.105.issue-5
  • Cochran, J. C., Mears, D. P., Bales, W. D., & Stewart, E. A. (2014). Does inmate behavior affect post-release offending? Investigating the misconduct-recidivism relationship among youth and adults. Justice Quarterly, 31, 1044-1073.10.1080/07418825.2012.736526
  • Conklin, T. J., Lincoln, T., & Tuthill, R. W. (2000). Self-reported health and prior health behaviors of newly admitted correctional inmates. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1939-1941.
  • Darke, S., & Hall, W. (2003). Heroin overdose: Research and evidence-based intervention. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 80, 189-200.10.1093/jurban/jtg022
  • Degenhardt, L., Larney, S., Kimber, J., Gisev, N., Farrell, M., Dobbins, T., … Burns, L. (2014). The impact of opioid substitution therapy on mortality post-release from prison: Retrospective data linkage study. Addiction, 109, 1306-1317.10.1111/add.12536
  • Ding, D., Rogers, K., van der Ploeg, H., Stamatakis, E., & Bauman, A. E. (2015). Traditional and emerging lifestyle risk behaviors and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from a large population-based Australian cohort. PLoS Medicine, 12, e1001917.10.1371/journal.pmed.1001917
  • Dirkzwager, A., Nieuwbeerta, P., & Blokland, A. (2012). Effects of first-time imprisonment on post-prison mortality: A 25-year follow-up study with a matched control group. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49, 383-419.10.1177/0022427811415534
  • Farrell, M., & Marsden, J. (2008). Acute risk of drug-related death among newly released prisoners in England and Wales. Addiction, 103, 251-255.10.1111/add.2008.103.issue-2
  • Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23 000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. The Lancet, 359, 545-550.10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-1
  • Franzini, L., Ribble, J. C., & Keddie, A. M. (2000). Understanding the Hispanic paradox. Ethnicity and Disease, 11, 496-518.
  • Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). Science and society: Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5, 243-251.10.1038/nri1571
  • Glaze, L. E., & Marushak, L. M. (2010). Parents in prison and their minor children. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Green, T. C., Bowman, S., Ray, M., McKenzie, M., & Rich, J. (2014). Feasibility of prison-based overdose prevention education and prescribed naloxone at release. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 140, e74.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.221
  • Green, B., Horel, T., & Papachristos, A. V. (2017). Modeling contagion through social networks to explain and predict gunshot violence in Chicago, 2006 to 2014. JAMA Internal Medicine.
  • Harding, D. J., Wyse, J. J., Dobson, C., & Morenoff, J. D. (2014). Making ends meet after prison. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33, 440-470.10.1002/pam.21741
  • Health and Human Services (2011). Disparities in healthcare quality among racial and ethnic minority groups. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Heron, M. (2016). Deaths: Leading causes for 2013. National vital statistics reports: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 65(2), 1-14.
  • Hilton, J. (2006). Race and ethnicity: Factors in fatal motor vehicle traffic crashes 1999–2004. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
  • Hobbs, M., Krazlan, K., Rodout, S., Mai, Q., Knuiman, M., & Chapman, R. (2006). Mortality and morbidity in prisoners after release from prison in Western Australia 1995–2003. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 1-6.
  • Huebner, B. M. (2007). Racial and ethnic differences in the likelihood of marriage: The effect of incarceration. Justice Quarterly, 24, 156-183.10.1080/07418820701201073
  • Huebner, B. M., & Bynum, T. S. (2008). The role of race and ethnicity in parole decisions. Criminology, 46, 907-938.10.1111/crim.2008.46.issue-4
  • Jama-Alol, K. A., Malacova, E., Ferrante, A., Alan, J., Stewart, L., & Preen, D. (2015). Influence of offence type and prior imprisonment on risk of death following release from prison: A whole-population linked data study. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 11, 108-118.10.1108/IJPH-10-2013-0046
  • James, D. J., & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.10.1037/e557002006-001
  • Julious, S. A., Nicholl, J., & George, S. (2001). Why do we continue to use standardized mortality ratios for small area comparisons? Journal of Public Health, 23, 40-46.10.1093/pubmed/23.1.40
  • Kaeble, D., Maruschak, L. M., & Bonczar, T. P. (2015). Probation and parole in the United States, 2014. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Kariminia, A., Law, M. G., Butler, T. G., Levy, M. H., Corben, S. P., Kaldor, J. M., & Grant, L. (2007). Suicide risk among recently released prisoners in New South Wales, Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 187, 387-390.
  • Kariminia, A., Butler, T. G., Corben, S. P., Levy, M. H., Grant, L., Kaldor, J. M., & Law, M. G. (2007). Extreme cause-specific mortality in a cohort of adult prisoners—1988 to 2002: A data-linkage study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 310–316.
  • Kinner, S. (2010). Commentary on Merrall et al. (2010): Understanding mortality and health outcomes for ex-prisoners—first steps on a long road. Addiction, 105, 1555-1556.10.1111/add.2010.105.issue-9
  • Kinner, S. A., Forsyth, S., & Williams, G. (2013). Systematic review of record linkage studies of mortality in ex-prisoners: Why (good) methods matter. Addiction, 108, 38-49.10.1111/add.2013.108.issue-1
  • Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., & Tejada-Vera, B. (2016). Deaths: Final data for 2014. National vital statistics reports: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 65(4), 1.
  • Kramer, J., Silver, E., VanEseltine, M., Ortega, C., & Rutkowski, A. (2008). Evaluation of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole’s violation sanction grid. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency Harrisburg.
  • Kramer, J. H., & Ulmer, J. T. (2009). Sentencing guidelines: Lessons from Pennsylvania. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Krazlan, K., Ridout, S., Mai, Q., Knuiman, M., & Chapman, R. (2006). Mortality and morbidity in prisoners after release from prison in Western Australia 1995–2003. Canberra: ACT Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 583-621.10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441
  • Kubrin, C. E., & Stewart, E. A. (2006). Predicting who reoffends: The neglected role of neighborhood context in recidivism studies. Criminology, 44, 165-197.10.1111/crim.2006.44.issue-1
  • Kutateladze, B. L., Andiloro, N. R., Johnson, B. D., & Spohn, C. C. (2014). Cumulative disadvantage: Examining racial and ethnic disparity in prosecution and sentencing. Criminology, 52, 514-551.10.1111/crim.2014.52.issue-3
  • Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Lee, H., McCormick, T., Hicken, M. T., & Wildeman, C. (2015). Racial inequalities in connectedness to imprisoned individuals in the United States. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 12(2), 269-282.10.1017/S1742058X15000065
  • Lim, S., Seligson, A. L., Parvez, F. M., Luther, C. W., Mavinkurve, M. P., Binswanger, I. A., & Kerker, B. D. (2012). Risks of drug-related death, suicide, and homicide during the immediate post-release period among people released from New York City jails, 2001–2005. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175, 519–526.
  • Lipsey, M. W., & Cullen, F. T. (2007). The effectiveness of correctional rehabilitation: A review of systematic reviews. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 3, 297-320.10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112833
  • Lopoo, L. M., & Western, B. (2005). Incarceration and the formation and stability of marital unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 721-734.10.1111/jomf.2005.67.issue-3
  • Massoglia, M. (2008a). Incarceration, health, and racial disparities in health. Law & Society Review, 42, 275-306.10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00342.x
  • Massoglia, M. (2008b). Incarceration as exposure: The prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49, 56-71.10.1177/002214650804900105
  • Massoglia, M., Firebaugh, G., & Warner, C. (2013). Racial variation in the effect of incarceration on neighborhood attainment. American Sociological Review, 78, 142-165.10.1177/0003122412471669
  • Massoglia, M., Pare, P. P., Schnittker, J., & Gagnon, A. (2014). The relationship between incarceration and premature adult mortality: Gender specific evidence. Social Science Research, 46, 142-154.10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.002
  • Massoglia, M., & Pridemore, W. A. (2015). Incarceration and health. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 291-310.10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112326
  • Massoglia, M., Remster, B., & King, R. D. (2011). Stigma or separation? Understanding the incarceration-divorce relationship. Social Forces, 90, 133-155.10.1093/sf/90.1.133
  • Massoglia, M., & Schnittker, J. (2009). No real release. Contexts, 8(1), 38-42.10.1525/ctx.2009.8.1.38
  • McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (2007). Effectiveness of a mental health court in reducing criminal recidivism and violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1395-1403.10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101664
  • Merrall, E. L., Kariminia, A., Binswanger, I. A., Hobbs, M. S., Farrell, M., Marsden, J., … Bird, S. M. (2010). Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison. Addiction, 105, 1545-1554.10.1111/add.2010.105.issue-9
  • Noonan, M. (2012). Mortality in local jails and state prisons, 2000–2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937-975.10.1086/374403
  • Papachristos, A. V., & Wildeman, C. (2014). Network exposure and homicide victimization in an African American community. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 143-150.10.2105/AJPH.2013.301441
  • Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859-866.10.1111/crim.1998.36.issue-4
  • Patterson, E. J. (2010). Incarcerating death: Mortality in U.S. state correctional facilities, 1985–1998. Demography, 47, 587-607.10.1353/dem.0.0123
  • Patterson, E. J. (2013). The dose-response of time served in prison on mortality: New York state, 1989–2003. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 523-528.10.2105/AJPH.2012.301148
  • Peeples, F., & Loeber, R. (1994). Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10, 141-157.10.1007/BF02221156
  • Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing. (2013). Sentencing in Pennsylvania: Annual report, 2012. University Park, PA. Retrieved from http://pcs.la.psu.edu/publications-and-research/annual-reports/2012/view
  • Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. (2017). What is community corrections?. Mechanicsburg, PA. Retrieved from http://www.cor.pa.gov/Facilities/CommunityCorrections/Pages/What-is-Community-Corrections.aspx#.WS7hGhPytmB
  • Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., Diez-Roux, A., Kawachi, I., & Levin, B. (2004). “Fundamental Causes” of Social Inequalities in Mortality: A Test of the Theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 265–285.
  • Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Shepherd, J. P., & Auty, K. (2014). Offending and early death in the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Justice Quarterly, 31, 445-472.10.1080/07418825.2011.641027
  • Porter, L. C., & Novisky, M. A. (2017). Pathways to Depressive Symptoms among Former Inmates. Justice Quarterly, 34, 847–872.
  • Pratt, D., Piper, M., Appleby, L., Webb, R., & Shaw, J. (2006). Suicide in recently released prisoners: A population-based cohort study. The Lancet, 368, 119-123.10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69002-8
  • Pridemore, W. A. (2014). The mortality penalty of incarceration: Evidence from a population-based case-control study of working-age males. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 55, 215–233.
  • Pridemore, W. A., & Berg, M. T. (2016). What is past is prologue: A population-based case-control study of repeat victimization, premature mortality, and homicide. Aggressive Behavior, 43, 176-189.
  • Reingle, J. M., Jennings, W. G., Piquero, A. R., & Maldonado-Molina, M. M. (2014). Is violence bad for your health? An assessment of chronic disease outcomes in a nationally representative sample. Justice Quarterly, 31, 524-538.10.1080/07418825.2012.689315
  • Romano, E., Voas, R. B., & Lacey, J. C. (2010). Alcohol and highway safety: Special report on race/ethnicity and impaired driving. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
  • Rosen, D. L., Schoenbach, V. J., & Wohl, D. A. (2008). All-cause and cause-specific mortality among men released from state prison, 1980–2005. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 2278-2284.10.2105/AJPH.2007.121855
  • Rosen, D. L., Wohl, D. A., & Schoenbach, V. J. (2011). All-cause and cause-specific mortality among Black and White North Carolina State prisoners, 1995–2005. Annals of Epidemiology, 21, 719-726.10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.04.007
  • Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1995). Does employment affect health? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 230-243.10.2307/2137340
  • Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J., & Goldsteen, K. (1990). The impact of the family on health: The decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 1059-1078.10.2307/353319
  • Sacks, S., Chaple, M., Sacks, J. Y., McKendrick, K., & Cleland, C. M. (2012). Randomized trial of a reentry modified therapeutic community for offenders with co-occurring disorders: Crime outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42, 247-259.10.1016/j.jsat.2011.07.011
  • Sampson, R. J., & Lauritsen, J. L. (1997). Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the United States. Crime and Justice, 21, 311-374.10.1086/449253
  • Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 607-628.10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141
  • Schnittker, J., & John, A. (2007). Enduring stigma: The long-term effects of incarceration on health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48(2), 115-130.10.1177/002214650704800202
  • Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2011). Incarceration and the health of the African American community. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8, 133-141.10.1017/S1742058X11000026
  • Schnittker, J., Uggen, C., Shannon, S. K., & McElrath, S. (2015). The institutional effects of incarceration: Spillovers from criminal justice to health care. Milbank Quarterly, 93, 516-560.10.1111/milq.2015.93.issue-3
  • Seaman, S. R., Brettle, R. P., & Gore, S. M. (1998). Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: Database linkage study. BMJ, 316, 426-428.10.1136/bmj.316.7129.426
  • Shepherd, J., Farrington, D., & Potts, J. (2002). Relations between offending, injury and illness. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 95, 539-544.10.1258/jrsm.95.11.539
  • Shepherd, J. P., Shepherd, I., Newcombe, R. G., & Farrington, D. (2009). Impact of antisocial lifestyle on health: Chronic disability and death by middle age. Journal of Public Health, 31, 506-511.10.1093/pubmed/fdp054
  • Shiels, M. S., Chernyavskiy, P., Anderson, W. F., Best, A. F., Haozous, E. A., Hartge, P., … de Gonzalez, A. B. (2017). Trends in premature mortality in the USA by sex, race, and ethnicity from 1999 to 2014: An analysis of death certificate data. The Lancet, 389, 1043-1054.10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30187-3
  • Singleton, N., Farrell, M., & Meltzer, H. (2003). Substance misuse among prisoners in England and Wales. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 150-152.10.1080/0954026021000046092
  • South, S. J., Crowder, K., & Chavez, E. (2005). Exiting and entering high-poverty neighborhoods: Latinos, Blacks and Anglos compared. Social Forces, 84, 873-900.10.1353/sof.2006.0037
  • Spaulding, A. C., Seals, R. M., McCallum, V. A., Perez, S. D., Brzozowski, A. K., & Steenland, N. K. (2011). Prisoner survival inside and outside of the institution: Implications for health-care planning. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173, 479-487.10.1093/aje/kwq422
  • Stewart, L. M., Henderson, C. J., Hobbs, M. S. T., Ridout, S. C., & Knuiman, M. W. (2004). Risk of death in prisoners after release from jail. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 28, 32-36.10.1111/j.1467-842X.2004.tb00629.x
  • Teasdale, B., Daigle, L. E., Hawk, S. R., & Daquin, J. C. (2016). Violent victimization in the prison context: An examination of the gendered contexts of prison. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 995-1015.10.1177/0306624X15572351
  • Teplin, L. A., Jakubowski, J. A., Abram, K. M., Olson, N. D., Stokes, M. L., & Welty, L. J. (2014). Firearm homicide and other causes of death in delinquents: A 16-year prospective study. Pediatrics, 134, 63-73.10.1542/peds.2013-3966
  • Testa, A., & Porter, L. C. (2017). No rest for the wicked? The consequences of incarceration for sleep problems. Society and Mental Health. doi: 2156869317707002
  • Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? what next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53-79.10.2307/2626957
  • Travis, J., Western, B., & Redburn, F. S. (2014). The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Ulmer, J. T., & Laskorunsky, J. A. (2016). Sentencing policies and practices in Pennsylvania. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Oxford handbooks online in criminology and criminal justice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Verger, P., Rotily, M., Prudhomme, J., & Bird, S. (2003). High mortality rates among inmates during the year following their discharge from a French prison. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48, 614-616.
  • Wakefield, S., & Uggen, C. (2010). Incarceration and stratification. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 387-406.10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102551
  • Wakeman, S. E., McKinney, M. E., & Rich, J. D. (2009). Filling the gap: The importance of Medicaid continuity for former inmates. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24, 860–862.
  • Wallace, D., & Papachristos, A. V. (2014). Recidivism and the availability of health care organizations. Justice Quarterly, 31, 588-608.10.1080/07418825.2012.696126
  • Western, B. (2006). Punishment and inequality in America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Western, B., Braga, A. A., Davis, J., & Sirois, C. (2015). Stress and hardship after prison. American Journal of Sociology, 120, 1512-1547.10.1086/681301
  • White, M. D., Saunders, J., Fisher, C., & Mellow, J. (2012). Exploring inmate reentry in a local jail setting. Crime & Delinquency, 58, 124-146.10.1177/0011128708327033
  • WHO. (2010). Prevention of acute drug-related mortality in prison populations during the immediate post-release period. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Wildeman, C. (2012). Imprisonment and (inequality in) population health. Social Science Research, 41, 74-91.10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.07.006
  • Wildeman, C., Carson, E. A., Golinelli, D., Noonan, M. E., & Emanuel, N. (2016). Mortality among White, Black, and Hispanic male and female state prisoners, 2001–2009. SSM-Population Health, 2, 10-13.10.1016/j.ssmph.2015.12.002
  • Wildeman, C., & Muller, C. (2012). Mass imprisonment and inequality in health and family life. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, 11-30.10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105459
  • Willison, J. B., Bieler, S. G., & Kim, K. (2014). Evaluation of the Allegheny County jail collaborative reentry programs. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  • Wooldredge, J., Frank, J., Goulette, N., & Travis, L. (2015). Is the impact of cumulative disadvantage on sentencing greater for Black defendants? Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 187-223.10.1111/capp.2015.14.issue-2
  • Wooldredge, J., & Steiner, B. (2012). Race group differences in prison victimization experiences. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 358-369.10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.06.011
  • Zlodre, J., & Fazel, S. (2012). All-cause and external mortality in released prisoners: Systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 102, e67-e75.10.2105/AJPH.2012.300764

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.