Evaluating the Role of Race in Sentencing: An Entropy Weighting Analysis

References

• Arnold, W. R. (1971). Race and ethnicity relative to other factors in juvenile court dispositions. American Journal of Sociology , 77 (2), 211-227. doi:10.1086/225097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bales, W. D. , & Piquero, A. R. (2012). Racial/ethnic differentials in sentencing to incarceration. Justice Quarterly , 29 (5), 742-773. doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.659674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang, H. , & Robins, J. M. (2005). Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models. Biometrics , 61 (4), 962-973. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumer, E. P. (2013). Reassessing and redirecting research on race and sentencing. Justice Quarterly , 30 (2), 231-261. doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.682602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedau, H. A. (1976). The death penalty in America: An anthology . Chicago, IL : Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Berk, R. , Li, A. , & Hickman, L. J. (2005). Statistical difficulties in determining the role of race in capital cases: A re-analysis of data from the state of Maryland. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 21 (4), 365-390. doi:10.1007/s10940-005-7354-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein, A. , Cohen, J. , Martin, S. , & Tonry, M. (1983). Research on sentencing: The search for reform (Vol. I). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blumstein, A. , & Wallman, J. (2000). The crime drop in America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, E. A. , & Anderson, E. (2016). Prisoners in 2015 . Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T. & Crawford, C. (1995). Race and imprisonment: A contextual assessment of the evidence. In D. Hawkins (Ed.), Ethnicity, race, and crime (pp. 281–309). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. E. , & Kluegel, J. R. (1979). The detention decision: A study of the impact of social characteristics and legal factors in two metropolitan juvenile courts. Social Forces , 58 (1), 146-161. doi:10.1093/sf/58.1.146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaware Statistical Analysis Center . (2014). Recidivism in Delaware . Dover, DE : Delaware Statistical Analysis Center. Retrieved from https://sac.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/64/2017/04/Recidivism-in-Delaware-An-Analysis-of-Prisoners-Released-in-2008-2010-min.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Doerner, J. K. , & Demuth, S. (2010). The independent and joint effects of race/ethnicity, gender, and age on sentencing outcomes in U.S. federal courts. Justice Quarterly , 27 (1), 1-27. doi:10.1080/07418820902926197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, E. A. (2017). The politics of racial disparity reform: Racial inequality and criminal justice policymaking in the states. American Journal of Criminal Justice , 42 (1), 1-27. doi:10.1007/s12103-016-9344-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, T. W. (2015). Race and ethnicity effects in federal sentencing: A propensity score analysis. Justice Quarterly , 32 (4), 653-679. doi:10.1080/07418825.2013.790990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, J. (2012). Entropy balancing for causal effects: A multivariate reweighting method to produce balanced samples in observational studies. Political Analysis , 20 (01), 25-46. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr025
   Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, J. & Xu, Y. (2013). Ebalance: A Stata package for entropy balancing. Journal of Statistical Software , 54 (7), 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hester, R. , & Hartman, T. (2017). Conditional race disparities in criminal sentencing: A test of the liberation hypothesis from a non-guidelines state. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 33 (1), 77-100.10.1007/s10940-016-9283-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindelang, M. J. (1969). Equality under the law. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science , 60 (3), 306-313. doi:10.2307/1141984
   Google Scholar
• Holleran, D. , & Spohn, C. (2004). On the use of the total inarceration variable in sentencing research. Criminology , 42 (1), 211-240. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00518.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. D. (2006). The multilevel context of criminal sentencing: Integratin judge and county-level influence. Criminology , 44 (2), 259-298.10.1111/crim.2006.44.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. D. , & Betsinger, S. (2009). Punishing the “model minority”: Asian-American criminal sentencing outcomes in federal district courts. Criminology , 47 (4), 1045-1090. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00169.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, K. L. , & Freiburger, T. (2015). The effect of race/ethnicity on sentencing: Examining sentence type, jail length, and prison length. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice , 13 (3), 179-196. doi:10.1080/15377938.2014.984045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleck, G. (1981). Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: A critical evaluation of the evidence with additional evidence on the death penalty. American Sociological Review , 46 (6), 783-805. doi:10.2307/2095079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepper, S. , Nagin, D. , & Tierney, L.-J. (1983). Discrimination in the criminal justice system: A critical appraisal of the literature. In A. Blumstein , J. Cohen , S. Martin , & M. Tonry (Eds.), Research on sentencing: The search for reform (pp. 55-128). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kurlychek, M. C. , & Johnson, B. D. (2010). Juvenility and punishment: Sentencing juveniles in adult criminal court. Criminology , 48 (3), 725-758. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00200.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, J. , & Donnelly, E. (2016). Evaluating the role of race in criminal justice adjudications in delaware . Wilmington, DE : Delaware Access to Justice Commission, Subcommittee on Fairness in the Adult Criminal Justice System.
   Google Scholar
• Mauer, M. (1999). Race to incarcerate . New York, NY : The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey, D. , Ridgeway, G. , & Morral, A. (2004). Propensity score estimation with boosted regression for evaluating causal effects in observational studies. Psychological Methods , 9 (4), 403-425.10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, O. (2005). A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 21 (4), 439-466.10.1007/s10940-005-7362-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagin, D. , Cullen, F. T. , & Jonson, C. L. (2009). Imprisonment and reoffending. In Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 38, pp. 115-200). Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicosia, N. , MacDonald, J. M. , & Pacula, R. L. (2017). Does mandatory diversion to drug treatment eliminate racial disparities in the incarceration of drug offenders? An examination of California’s Proposition 36. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 33 (1), 179-205. doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9293-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster, R. , & Brame, R. (2008). Reaccessing race disparities in Maryland capital cases. Criminology , 46 (4), 971-1008. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00132.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, G. (2006). Assessing the effect of race bias in post-traffic stop outcomes using propensity scores. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 22 (1), 1-29.10.1007/s10940-005-9000-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, G. , & MacDonald, J. M. (2009). Doubly robust internal benchmarking and false discovery rates for detecting racial bias in police stops. Journal of the American Statistical Association , 104 (486), 661-668.10.1198/jasa.2009.0034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R. , & Rubin, D. B. (1985). Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. The American Statistician , 39 (1), 33-38. doi:10.1080/00031305.1985.10479383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spohn, C. (2000). Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing. Criminal Justice , 2000 (3), 427-501.
   Google Scholar
• Spohn, C. , & Spears, J. (2003). Sentencing of drug offenders in three cities: Does race/ethnicity make a difference? In Darnell F. Hawkins , Samuel L. Myers , & Randolph N. Stone (Eds.), Crime control and social justice: A delicate balance . Westport, CT: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• State of Delaware . (2017). State of Delaware - Department of Correction – Mission . Retrieved July 23, 2017, from http://doc.delaware.gov/mission.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D. , Ulmer, J. , & Kramer, J. (1998). The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, black, and male. Criminology , 36 (4), 763-798. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart, E. A. (2010). Matching methods for causal inference: A review and a look forward. Statistical Science , 25 (1), 1-21. doi:10.1214/09-STS313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. W. , & Sieverdes, C. M. (1975). Juvenile court intake an analysis of discretionary decision-making. Criminology , 12 (4), 413-432. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1975.tb00647.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonry, M. (1995). Malign neglect: Race, crime, and punishment in America: Race, crime, and punishment in America . New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tonry, M. , & Melewski, M. (2008). The Malign effects of drug and crime control policies on Black Americans. Crime and Justice , 37 (1), 1-44.10.1086/588492
   Google Scholar
• Ulmer, J. T. (2012). Recent developments and new directions in sentencing research. Justice Quarterly , 29 (1), 1-40. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.624115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmer, J. T. , Light, M. T. , & Kramer, J. H. (2011). Racial disparity in the wake of the Booker/Fanfan decision. Criminology & Public Policy , 10 (4), 1077-1118. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00761.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanderWeele, T. J. , & Robinson, W. R. (2014). On the causal interpretation of race in regressions adjusting for confounding and mediating variables. Epidemiology , 25 (4), 473-484. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. , Spohn, C. , & DeLone, M. (2011). The color of justice: Race, ethnicity, and crime in America . Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Western, B. (2006). Punishment and inequality in America . New York, NY : Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfgang, M. , Kelly, A. , & Nolde, H. (1962). Comparison of the executed and the commuted among admissions to death row. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science , 53 (3), 301-311.10.2307/1141465
   Google Scholar
• Zatz, M. S. (1987). The changing forms of racial/ethnic biases in sentencing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 24 (1), 69-92. doi:10.1177/0022427887024001005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatz, M. S. (2000). The convergence of race, ethnicity, gender, and class on court decisionmaking: Looking toward the 21st century. Criminal Justice , 2000 (3), 503-552.
   Google Scholar