Positive Administrative Control: Using Social Exchange to Assess Managerial Impacts on Inmate Misconduct

References

• Adams, K. (1992). Adjusting to prison life. Crime and Justice , 16 , 275-359.10.1086/449208
   Google Scholar
• American Prison Association . (1953). A statement concerning causes, preventive measures, and methods of controlling prison riots and disturbances . New York, NY : Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city . New York, NY : W.W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J. , Bass, M. B. , & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 72 (4), 441-462.10.1348/096317999166789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, D. A. (1978). Power and social exchange. American Political Science Review , 72 , 1229-1242.10.2307/1954536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, C. (2004). Criminal justice ethics: Theory and practice . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Basadur, M. (1997). Organizational development interventions for enhancing creativity in the workplace. The Journal of Creative Behavior , 31 (1), 59-72.10.1002/jocb.1997.31.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basadur, M. , Graen, G. B. , & Green, S. G. (1982). Training in creative problem solving: Effects on ideation and problem finding and solving in an industrial research organization. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 30 , 41-70.10.1016/0030-5073(82)90233-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M. , & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, J. V. (1952). Prisons in turmoil. Federal Probation , 16 , 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Berk, R. A. , Kriegler, B. , & Baek, J. H. (2006). Forecasting dangerous inmate misconduct: An application of ensemble statistical procedures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 22 , 131-145.10.1007/s10940-006-9005-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernerth, J. B. , Armenakis, A. A. , Feild, H. S. , Giles, W. F. , & Walker, H. J. (2007). Leader–member social exchange (LMSX): Development and validation of a scale. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 28 , 979-1003.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biejersbergen, K. A. , Dirkzwager, T. M. , Van der Laan, P. H. , & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2015). Procedural justice in prison: The importance of staff characteristics. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 59 (4), 33-358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life . New York, NY : Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, B. , Chesney-Lind, M. , & Owen, B. (1994). Women in California prisons . San Francisco, CA: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, S. A. (1977). Participatory management toward a science of correctional management. Criminology , 15 (2), 149-163.10.1111/crim.1977.15.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boin, A. , & Rattray, W. A. R. (2004). Understanding prison riots: Towards a threshold theory. Punishment and Society , 6 (1), 47-65.10.1177/1462474504039091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottoms, A. E. (1999). Interpersonal violence and social order in prisons. Crime and Justice , 26 , 205-281.10.1086/449298
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, T. , & Austin, J. (1997). Women in jail: Classification issues . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections.
   Google Scholar
• Breusch, T. S. , & Pagan, A. R. (1979). A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica , 1287-1294.10.2307/1911963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower, H. H. , Schoorman, F. D. , & Tan, H. H. (2000). A model of relational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly , 11 (2), 227-250.10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00040-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp, G. M. , & Camp, C. G. (1985). Prison gangs: Their extent, nature, and impact on prisons . Washington, DC: U.S Department of Justice, Office of Legal Policy, Federal Justice Research Program.
   Google Scholar
• Camp, S. C. , Gaes, G. G. , Klein-Saffran, J. , Daggett, D. M. , & Saylor, W. G. (2002). Using inmate survey data in assessing prison performance a case study comparing private and public prisons. Criminal Justice Review , 27 (1), 26-51.10.1177/073401680202700103
   Google Scholar
• Camp, S. C. , Gaes, G. G. , Langan, N. P. , & Saylor, W. G. (2003). The influence of prisons on inmate misconduct: A multilevel investigation. Justice Quarterly , 20 (3), 501-533.10.1080/07418820300095601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp, S. C. , Saylor, W. G. , & Harer, M. D. (1997). Aggregating individual-level evaluations of the organizational social climate: A multilevel investigation of the work environment at the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Justice Quarterly , 14 (4), 739-761.10.1080/07418829700093571
   Google Scholar
• Camp, S. C. , Saylor, W. G. , & Wright, K. N. (1998). Creating performance measures from survey data: A practical discussion. Corrections Management Quarterly , 3 (1), 71-80.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, L. , Zhao, J. , & Van Dine, S. (1997). Prison disciplinary tickets: A test of the deprivation and importation models. Journal of Criminal Justice , 25 (2), 103-113.10.1016/S0047-2352(96)00054-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrabine, E. (2005). Prison riots, social order and the problem of legitimacy. The British Journal of Criminology , 45 , 896-913.10.1093/bjc/azi052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheliotis, L. K. (2012). Resisting the scourge of managerialism: On the uses of discretion in late-modern prisons. In J. Bennett , B. Crewe , & A. Wahidin (Eds.), Understanding prison staff (pp. 247-261). New York, NY : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chrisman, R. (1971). Black prisoners, white law. The Black Scholar , 2 (8-9), 44-46.10.1080/00064246.1971.11668616
   Google Scholar
• Clear, T. R. , & Cole, G. F. (1990). American corrections (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Clemmer, D. (1958). The prison community . New York, NY : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Colvin, M. (1982). The 1980 New Mexico prison riot. Social Problems , 29 (5), 449-463.10.2307/800395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin, M. (1992). The penitentiary in crisis: From accommodation to riot in New Mexico . Albany: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Conover, T. (2000). New jack: Sing sing . New York, NY : Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Cowper, T. (2000). The myth of the “military model” of leadership in law enforcement. Police Quarterly , 3 , 228-246.10.1177/1098611100003003001
   Google Scholar
• Craig, S. C. (2004). Rehabilitation versus control: An organizational theory of prison management. The Prison Journal , 84 (suppl), 92S-114S.10.1177/0032885504269394
   Google Scholar
• Cranford, S. , & Williams, R. (1998). Critical issues in managing female offenders: Women offenders have unique needs which impact the ways in which staff manage them. Corrections Today , 60 , 130-135.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley, E. (2004). Doing prison work: The public and private lives of prison officers . Portland : Willan.
   Google Scholar
• Cressey, D. R. (1959). Contradictory directives in complex organizations: The case of the prison. Administrative Science Quarterly , 4 (1), 1-9.10.2307/2390646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, T. (1982). Thinking about leadership. Military Leadership. In Pursuit of Excellence , 192 , 27-33.
   Google Scholar
• Crow, M. S. (2008). The complexities of prior record, race, ethnicity, and policy. Criminal Justice Review , 33 (4), 502-523.10.1177/0734016808320709
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, M. D. , Sorensen, J. R. , & Reidy, T. J. (2005). An actuarial model for assessment of prison violence among maximum security inmates. Assessment , 12 (1), 40-49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, M. D. , & Sorensen, J. R. (2007). Predictive factors for violent misconduct in close custody. The Prison Journal , 87 (2), 241-253.10.1177/0032885507303752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyert, R. M. , & March, J. G. (1959). A behavioral theory of organizational objectives. In Modern organization theory (pp. 76-90). New York, NY : Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• DiIulio, J. J. (1987). Governing prisons . New York, NY : Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dilulio, J. J. (1991). Understanding prisons: The new old penology. Law & Social Inquiry , 16 (1), 65-99.10.1111/lsi.1991.16.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Dulebohn, J. H. , Bommer, W. H. , Liden, R. C. , Brouer, R. L. , & Ferris, G. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange. Journal of Management , 38 (6), 1715-1759.10.1177/0149206311415280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, R. , Huntington, R. , Hutchison, S. , & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 (3), 500-507.10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology , 2 , 335-362.10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzioni, A. (1961). A comparative analysis of complex organizations . New York, NY : Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R. , Wegener, D. T. , MacCallum, R. C. , & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods , 4 (3), 272-299.10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, J. R. P., Jr. , & Raven, B. H. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Gaes, G. G. , & McGuire, W. J. (1985). Prison violence: The contribution of crowding versus other determinants of prison assault rates. Journal of Research in Crime And Delinquency , 22 (1), 41-65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaes, G. G. , Wallace, S. , Gilman, E. , Klein-Saffran, J. , & Suppa, S. (2002). The influence of prison gang affiliation on violence and other prison misconduct. The Prison Journal , 82 (3), 359-385.10.1177/003288550208200304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendreau, P. , Goggin, C. E. , & Law, M. A. (1997). Predicting prison misconducts. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 24 (4), 414-431.10.1177/0093854897024004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, J. M. , & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin , 112 (2), 310-329.10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, M. J. (1997). The illusion of structure: A critique of the classical model of organization and the discretionary power of correctional officers. Criminal Justice Review , 22 (1), 49-64.10.1177/073401689702200105
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1961a). On the characteristics of total institutions: The inmate world. In D. R. Cressey (Ed.), The prison: Studies in institutional organization and change (pp. 15-67). New York, NY : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1961b). On the characteristics of total institutions: Staff inmate relations. In R. D. Cressey (Ed.), The prison: Studies in institutional organization and change (pp. 68-106). New York, NY : NY, Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch, R. L. (1990). Common factor analysis versus component analysis: Some well and little known facts. Multivariate Behavioral Research , 25 (1), 33-39.10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment , 68 (3), 532-560.10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review , 25 (2), 161-178.10.2307/2092623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen, G. B. , & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in Organizational Behavior , 9 , 175-208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen, G. B. , & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective . The Leadership Quarterly , 6 (2), 219-247.10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. L. (2001). Job satisfaction among detention officers: Assessing the relative contribution of organizational climate variables. Journal of Criminal Justice , 29 , 219-232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. L. , & Hepburn, J. R. (2006). The effect of gang affiliation on violent misconduct among inmates during the early years of confinement. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 33 (4), 419-466.10.1177/0093854806288038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. L. , & Hepburn, J. R. (2013). Inmate misconduct and the institutional capacity for control. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 40 (3), 270-288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harer, M. D. , & Steffensmeier, D. J. (1996). Race and Prison Violence. Criminology , 34 (3), 323-355.10.1111/crim.1996.34.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, M. (1999). A call for transformational leadership for corrections. Corrections Management Quarterly , 3 , 24-29.
   Google Scholar
• Hepburn, J. R. (1985). The exercise of power in coercive organizations: A study of prison guards. Criminology , 23 (1), 145-164.10.1111/crim.1985.23.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, J. D. , Poole, E. D. , & Regoli, R. M. (1984). Self-reported and observed rule-breaking in prison: A look at disciplinary response. Justice Quarterly , 1 , 437-447.10.1080/07418828400088241
   Google Scholar
• Hindelang, M. J. , Hirschi, T. , & Weis, J. G. (1981). Measuring delinquency . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology , 63 (6), 597-606.10.1086/222355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner, B. M. (2003). Administrative determinants of inmate violence. Journal of Criminal Justice , 31 (2), 107-117.10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00218-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, J. (1980). Prisons in turmoil . Boston, MA : Little, Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Irwin, J. (1996). The march of folly. The Prison Journal , 76 , 489-494.
   Google Scholar
• Irwin, J. , & Cressey, D. R. (1962). Thieves, convicts and the inmate culture. Social Problems , 10 (2), 142-155.10.2307/799047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. B. (1977). Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society . Chicago, IL : IL, University Of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1958). The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika , 23 (3), 187-200.10.1007/BF02289233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman, K. (1988). Prison officers and their world . Cambridge: Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnert, K. W. , & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. The Academy of Management Review , 12 (4), 648-657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuykendall, J. , & Roberg, R. R. (1982). Mapping police organizational change: From a mechanistic toward an organic model. Criminology , 20 (2), 241-256.10.1111/crim.1982.20.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahm, K. F. (2008). Inmate-on-inmate assault. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 35 (1), 120-137.10.1177/0093854807308730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahm, K. F. (2009). Inmate assaults on prison staff. The Prison Journal , 89 (2), 131-150.10.1177/0032885509334743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, E. G. , Hogan, N. L. , Barton-Bellessa, S. M. , & Jiang, S. (2012). Examining the relationship between supervisor and management trust and job burnout among correctional staff. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 39 , 938-957.10.1177/0093854812439192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leger, R. G. , & Barnes, H. G. (1986). Black attitudes in prison. A sociological analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice , 14 , 105-122.10.1016/0047-2352(86)90059-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative Science Quarterly , 9 (4), 370-390.10.2307/2391032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liden, R. C. , & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management , 24 (1), 43-72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebling, A. (1999). Doing research in prison Theoretical Criminology , 3 (2), 147-173.10.1177/1362480699003002002
   Google Scholar
• Liebling, A. (2000). Prison officers, policing and the use of discretion. Theoretical Criminology , 4 (3), 333-357.10.1177/1362480600004003005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebling, A. , Price, D. , & Elliott, C. (1999). Appreciative inquiry and relationships in prison. Punishment and Society , 1 (1), 71-98.10.1177/14624749922227711
   Google Scholar
• Liebling, A. , Price, D. , & Shefer, G. (2010). The prison officer . New York, NY : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Light, S. C. (1990). Measurement error in official statistics: Prison rule infraction data. Federal Probation , 54 , 63-68.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, J. R. , & Zeitz, G. (1980). Organizational properties from aggregate data: Separating individual and structural effects. American Sociological Review , 45 (3), 391-408.10.2307/2095173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services . New York, NY : Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Logan, C. H. (1993). Criminal justice performance measures for prisons: 19–60 . U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Lombardo, L. X. (1981). Guards imprisoned: Correctional officers at work . New York, NY : Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Maccormick, A. H. (1954). Behind the prison riots. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 293 , 17-27.10.1177/000271625429300104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J. G. , & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations . New York, NY : Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, G. J. (1970). The social organization of relationships. In G. J. McCall (Ed.), Social relationships , 3-34. Chicago, IL : Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• McCleery, R. M. (1961). The government process and informal social control. In D. R. Cressey (Ed.), The prison: Studies in institutional organization and change, 149–188 . New York, NY : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• McCorkle, L. W. , & Korn, R. (1954). Resocialization within walls. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 293 , 88-98.10.1177/000271625429300112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCorkle, R. C. , Miethe, T. D. , & Drass, K. A. (1995). The roots of prison violence: A test of the deprivation, management, and “not-so-total” institution models. Crime Delinquency , 41 (3), 317-331.10.1177/0011128795041003003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P. , & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review , 1 (1), 61-89.10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
   Google Scholar
• Mott, P. E. (1972). The structure of effective organizations . New York, NY : Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory . New York, NY : McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlin, L. E. (1956). Sociology and the field of corrections . New York, NY : Russell Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pyrooz, D. C. , Turanovic, J. J. , Decker, S. H. , & Wu, J. (2016). Taking stock of the relationship between gang membership and offending. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 43 (3), 365-397.10.1177/0093854815605528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragen, J. E. (1962). Inside the world’s toughest prison . Springfield, IL : Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W. , & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchial linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D. (1998). Rates of disorder in higher-custody state prisons: A comparative analysis of managerial practices. Crime and Delinquency , 44 (2), 229-244.10.1177/0011128798044002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D. (2002). Administrative control and homicide. Homicide Studies , 6 (1), 84-103.10.1177/1088767902006001005
   Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D. , & Mesko, G. (2009). Procedural justice, legitimacy, and prisoner misconduct. Psychology, Crime & Law , 15 (1), 41-59.10.1080/10683160802089768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoades, L. , & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 (4), 698-714.10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardelli, R. , & Sit, V. (2016). Producing social (dis)order in prison: The effects of Administrative controls on prison-on-prisoner violence. The Prison Journal , 96 (2), 210-231.10.1177/0032885515618362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D. M. , & Tijoriwala, S. A. (1999). What’s a good reason to change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change. Journal of Applied Psychology , 84 (4), 514-528.10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saylor, W. G. (2000). Federal Bureau of Prison’s prison social climate survey: A conceptual and methodological overview (Unpublished Summary). U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons.
   Google Scholar
• Schrag, C. (1961). Some foundations for a theory of correction. In D. R. Cressey (Ed.), The prison: Studies in institutional organization and change (pp. 309-357). New York, NY : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Schriesheim, C. A. , Castro, S. L. , & Cogliser, C. C. (1999). Leader-member exchange (LMX) research: A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and data-analytic practices. The Leadership Quarterly , 10 (1), 63-113.10.1016/S1048-9843(99)80009-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selznick, P. (1948). Foundations on the theory of organization. In J. M. Shafritz , J. S. Ott , & Y. S. Jang (Eds.), Classics of organization theory (6th ed., pp. 125-134). Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Settoon, R. P. , Bennett, N. , & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 (3), 219-227.10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarbek, D. (2014). The social order of the underworld: How prison gangs govern the American penal system . New York, NY : Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199328499.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Sparks, J. R. , & Bottoms, A. E. (2005). Legitimacy and order in prisons. British Journal of Sociology , 46 (1), 45-62.
   Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D. , Ulmer, J. , & Kramer, J. (1998). The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, black, and male. Criminology , 36 (4), 763-798.10.1111/crim.1998.36.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, B. (2009). Assessing static and dynamic influences on inmate violence levels. Crime and Delinquency , 55 (1), 134-161.10.1177/0011128707307218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, B. , & Wooldredge, J. (2008). Inmate versus environmental effects on prison rule violations. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 35 (4), 438-456.10.1177/0093854807312787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, B. , & Wooldredge, J. (2009). Rethinking the link between institutional crowding and inmate misconduct. The Prison Journal , 89 (2), 205-233.10.1177/0032885509334804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, B. , & Wooldredge, J. (2012). Comparing self-report to official measures of misconduct. Justice Quarterly , 31 (6), 1074-1101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojkovic, S. , Kalinich, D. , & Klofas, J. (2008). Criminal justice organizations: Administration and management (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, G. M. (1958). The society of captives . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, G. M ., & Messinger, S. L . (1960). The inmate social system. Theoretical Studies in Social Organization of the Prison. Social Science Research Council , New York: 5-19.
   Google Scholar
• Thibaut, J. , & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups . New York, NY : Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Toch, H. (1978). Is a “Correctional Officer,” by any other name, a “Screw?” Criminal Justice Review , 3 (2), 19-35.10.1177/073401687800300204
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R. (1990). Why people obey the law . New Haven, CT : Yale University.
   Google Scholar
• Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. The Leadership Quarterly , 17 , 654-676.10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons . (2011). Inmate discipline program ( Program Statement 5270.09). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons . (2013). Standards of employee conduct ( Program Statement 3420.11). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Useem, B. , & Kimball, P. (1989). States of siege: U.S. prison riots 1971–1986 . New York, NY : Oxford University.
   Google Scholar
• Useem, B. , & Piehl, A. M. (2006). Prison build-up and disorder. Punishment and Society , 8 (1), 87–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Useem, B. , & Reisig, M. D. (1999). Collective action in prisons: Protests, disturbances, and Riots. Criminology , 37 (4), 735-760.10.1111/crim.1999.37.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman, D. A. , Bass, B. M. , & Yammarino, F. J. (1990). Adding to contingent-reward behavior: The augmenting effect of charismatic leadership. Group & Organization Studies , 15 (4), 381-394.10.1177/105960119001500404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne, S. J. , Shore, L. M. , Bommer, W. H. , & Tetrick, L. E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 (3), 590-598.10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, M. (1964). The theory of social and economic organization . New York, NY : Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wayne, S. J. , Shore, L. M. , & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal , 40 (1), 82-111.10.2307/257021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitener, E. M. , Brodt, S. E. , Korsgaard, M. A. , & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review , 23 , 513-550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widaman, K. F. (1993). Common factor analysis versus principal component analysis: Differential bias in representing model parameters? Multivariate Behavioral Research , 28 (3), 263-311.10.1207/s15327906mbr2803_1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldredge, J. , Griffin, T. , & Pratt, T. (2001). Considering hierarchical models for research on inmate behavior: Predicting misconduct with multilevel data. Justice Quarterly , 18 (1), 203-231.10.1080/07418820100094871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Introduction to econometrics: A modern approach (4th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage.
   Google Scholar
• Worrall, J. L. , & Morris, R. G. (2011). Inmate custody levels and prison rule violations. The Prison Journal , 91 (2), 131-157.10.1177/0032885511404380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, E. M. , Salisbury, E. J. , & Van Voorhis, P. (2007). Predicting the prison misconducts of women offenders: The importance of gender-responsive needs. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , 23 (4), 310-340.10.1177/1043986207309595
   Google Scholar
• Wright, K. N. , Saylor, W. G. , Giliman, E. , & Camp, S. C. (1997). Job control and occupational outcomes among prison workers. Justice Quarterly , 14 (3), 525-546.
   Google Scholar