References
- Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 111–125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111
- Adams-Clark, A. A., & Chrisler, J. C. (2018). What constitutes rape? The effect of marital status and type of sexual act on perceptions of rape scenarios. Violence against Women, 24(16), 1867–1886. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218755975
- Allen, C. M. (1991). Women and men who sexually abuse children: A comparative analysis (Vol. 96). Orwell, VT: Safer Society Press.
- Amirault, J., & Beauregard, E. (2014). The impact of aggravating and mitigating factors on the sentence severity of sex offenders: An exploration and comparison of differences between offending groups. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 25(1), 78–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403412462234
- Ansolabehere, S., & Schaffner, B. F. (2014). Does survey mode still matter? Findings from a 2010 multi-mode comparison. Political Analysis, 22(3), 285–303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt025
- Baldus, D. C., Woodworth, G., Zuckerman, D., & Weiner, N. A. (1998). Racial discrimination and the death penalty in the post-Furman era: An empirical and legal overview with recent findings from Philadelphia. Cornell Law Review, 83(6), 1638–1770.
- Beger, R. R., & Hoffman, H. (1998). The role of gender in detention dispositioning of juvenile probation violators. Journal of Crime and Justice, 21(1), 173–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.1998.9721072
- Beichner, D., & Spohn, C. (2012). Modeling the effects of victim behavior and moral character on prosecutors' charging decisions in sexual assault cases. Violence and Victims, 27(1), 3–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.1.3
- Berry, M., Philo, G., Tiripelli, G., Docherty, S., & Macpherson, C. (2012). Media coverage and public understanding of sentencing policy in relation to crimes against children. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 12(5), 567–591. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811432956
- Black, D. J. (2010). The behavior of law (Special ed.). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.
- Blackwell, B. S., Holleran, D., & Finn, M. A. (2008). The impact of the Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines on sex differences in sentencing. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 24(4), 399–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986208319453
- Bosman, J. (2015). Teenagerʼs jailing brings a call to fix sex offender registries. The New York Times, A1.
- Bowers, W. J., Fleury-Steiner, B. D., & Antonio, M. E. (2003). The capital sentencing decision: Guided discretion, reasoned moral judgment, or legal fiction. In J. R. Acker, R. M. Bohm, & C. S. Lanier (Eds.), America’s experiment with capital punishment: Reflections on the past, present, and future of the ultimate penal sanction (2nd ed., pp. 413–467). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
- Bowers, W. J., & Foglia, W. D. (2003). Still singularly agonizing: Law's failure to purge arbitrariness from capital sentencing. Criminal Law Bulletin, 39(1), 51–86.
- Bradley, L. (2018). I was terrified, and I was humiliated: #metoo’s male accusers, one year later. Vanity Fair. Retrieved from Vanity Fair website: https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/10/metoo-male-accusers-terry-crews-alex-winter-michael-gaston-interview
- Brown, E. K., & Socia, K. M. (2017). Twenty-first century punitiveness: Social sources of punitive American views reconsidered. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(4), 935–959. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9319-4
- Bumby, K. M., & Maddox, M. C. (1999). Judges' knowledge about sexual offenders, difficulties presiding over sexual offense cases, and opinions on sentencing, treatment, and legislation. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 11(4), 305–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021367015037
- Burke, T. (2019). Me too movement. Retrieved from https://metoomvmt.org/
- Cain, C. M., Sample, L. L., & Anderson, A. L. (2017). Public opinion of the application of sex offender notification laws to female sex offenders: Why it is important to examine. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 28(2), 155–175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403415572253
- Carr, N. T., Hudson, K., Hanks, R. S., & Hunt, A. N. (2008). Gender effects along the juvenile justice system: Evidence of a gendered organization. Feminist Criminology, 3(1), 25–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085107311390
- Champely, S., Ekstrom, C., Dalgaard, P., Gill, J., Weibelzahl, S., Anandkumar, A., … De Rosario, H. (2018). Pwr: Basic functions for power analysis (Version 1.2-2). Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pwr
- Chiricos, T., Welch, K., & Gertz, M. (2004). Racial typification of crime and support for punitive measures. Criminology, 42(2), 358–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00523.x
- Church, W. T., Wakeman, E. E., Miller, S. L., Clements, C. B., & Sun, F. (2008). The community attitudes toward sex offenders scale: The development of a psychometric assessment instrument. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(3), 251–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507310193
- Cohn, N. (2014). Explaining online panels and the 2014 midterms. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/upshot/explaining-online-panels-and-the-2014-midterms.html?smid=pl-share
- Craun, S. W., & Theriot, M. T. (2009). Misperceptions of sex offender perpetration: Considering the impact of sex offender registration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(12), 2057–2072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508327706
- Cucolo, H., & Perlin, M. L. (2013). 'They're planting stories in the press': The impact of media distortions on sex offender law and policy. NYLS Legal Studies Research Paper, 12(13), 55.
- Curry, T. R., Lee, G., & Rodriguez, S. F. (2004). Does victim gender increase sentence severity? Further explorations of gender dynamics and sentencing outcomes. Crime & Delinquency, 50(3), 319–343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128703256265
- Deering, R., & Mellor, D. (2009). Sentencing of male and female child sex offenders: Australian study. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 16(3), 394–412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13218710902930291
- Dyck, J. J., Talty, F., & Cluverius, J. (2018). UMass Lowell center for public opinion 2018 faculty research poll. Retrieved from: http://www.uml.edu/polls
- Egelko, B. (2018). Judge Aaron Persky, who ruled in sex assault case, recalled in Santa Clara county. Online. Retrieved from https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Judge-Persky-losing-in-bid-to-avoid-recall-12970799.php?psid=9TDTA
- Embry, R., & Lyons, P. M. Jr, (2012). Sex-based sentencing: Sentencing discrepancies between male and female sex offenders. Feminist Criminology, 7(2), 146–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085111430214
- Ferguson, C. J., & Negy, C. (2004). The influence of gender and ethnicity on judgments of culpability in a domestic violence scenario. Violence and Victims, 19(2), 203–220.
- Frohmann, L. (1997). Convictability and discordant locales: Reproducing race, class, and gender ideologies in prosecutorial decisionmaking. Law & Society Review, 31(3), 531–556. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3054045
- Gakhal, B. K., & Brown, S. J. (2011). A comparison of the general public's, forensic professionals' and students' attitudes towards female sex offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17(1), 105–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.540678
- Gavin, H. (2005). The social construction of the child sex offender explored by narrative. The Qualitative Report, 10(3), 395–415.
- Gerber, G. L., Cronin, J. M., & Steigman, H. J. (2004). Attributions of blame in sexual assault to perpetrators and victims of both genders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2149–2165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02694.x
- Golding, J. M., Lynch, K. R., Malik, S. E., & Foster-Gimbel, O. (2018). Justice served? Perceptions of plea bargaining involving a sexual assault in child and adult females. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(4), 503–518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854817743538
- Greenfield, L. A. (1997). Sex offenses and offenders: An analysis of data on rape and sexual assault (NCJ-163392). U.S. Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs; Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/soo.pdf
- Harper, C. A., & Bartels, R. M. (2017). The influence of implicit theories and offender characteristics on judgements of sexual offenders: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 23(2), 139–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2016.1250963
- Harper, C. A., & Bartels, R. M. (2018). Implicit theories and offender representativeness in judgments about sexual crime. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 30(3), 276–295. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216658019
- Harper, C. A., Hogue, T. E., & Bartels, R. M. (2017). Attitudes towards sexual offenders: What do we know, and why are they important? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 201–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.011
- Harris, A. J., & Socia, K. M. (2016). What’s in a name? Evaluating the effects of the “sex offender” label on public opinions and beliefs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(7), 660–678. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214564391
- Hartley, R. D., Maddan, S., & Spohn, C. C. (2007). Concerning conceptualization and operationalization: Sentencing data and the focal concerns perspective—A research note. Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, 4(1), 58–78.
- Hassett-Walker, C., Lateano, T., & Di Benedetto, M. (2014). Do female sex offenders receive preferential treatment in criminal charging and sentencing? Justice System Journal, 35(1), 62–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0098261X.2013.868278
- Henham, R. (2013). Sentencing and the legitimacy of trial justice: New York, NY: Routledge.
- Higgins, C., & Ireland, C. (2009). Attitudes towards male and female sex offenders: A comparison of forensic staff, prison officers and the general public in Northern Ireland. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 11(1), 14–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/14636646200900004
- Hilinski-Rosick, C. M., Freiburger, T. L., & Verheek, A. (2014). The effects of legal and extralegal variables on the sentences of sex offenders. Victims & Offenders, 9(3), 334–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2013.845637
- Hogue, T. E., & Harper, C. A. (2019). Development of a 21-item short form of the attitudes to sexual offenders (ATS) scale. Law and Human Behavior, 43(1), 117.doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000308
- Imhoff, R. (2015). Punitive attitudes against pedophiles or persons with sexual interest in children: Does the label matter? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 35–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0439-3
- Jenkins, P. (1998). Moral panic: Changing concepts of the child molester in modern America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/104.4.1319
- Kearl, H. (2018). The facts behind the #MeToo movement: A national study on sexual harassment and assault. Reston, Stop Street Harassment. VA. Retrieved from http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Full-Report-2018-National-Study-on-Sexual-Harassment-and-Assault.pdf
- Kenmore, A. (2019). State office building evacuated after bomb threat mentions judge. Watertown Daily Times. Retrieved from https://WatertownDailyTimes.com website: https://www.watertowndailytimes.com/news03/state-office-building-evacuated-after-bomb-threat-mentions-judge-20190507?template=mwdt
- King, L. L. (2019). Perceptions about sexual offenses: Misconceptions, punitiveness, and public sentiment. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(2), 254–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403416660150
- King, L. L., & Roberts, J. J. (2017). The complexity of public attitudes toward sex crimes. Victims & Offenders, 12(1), 71–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2015.1005266
- Kingsnorth, R., Lopez, J., Wentworth, J., & Cummings, D. (1998). Adult sexual assault: The role of racial/ethnic composition in prosecution and sentencing. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26(5), 359–371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(98)00012-9
- Kitzinger, J. (2004). Framing abuse: Media influence and public understanding of sexual violence against children. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
- Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2005a). The “identified victim” effect: An identified group, or just a single individual? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(3), 157–167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.492
- Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2005b). The singularity effect of identified victims in separate and joint evaluations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 106–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.02.003
- Kullgren, I. (2019, April 3). Acosta faces grilling on Epstein plea deal. Politico. Retrieved from https://Politico.com website: https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/03/alexander-acosta-jeffrey-epstein-1319312
- LaFree, G. (1989). Rape and criminal justice: The social construction of sexual assault: Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub Co.
- Leon, C. S. (2011a). The contexts and politics of evidence-based sex offender policy. Criminology & Public Policy, 10(2), 421–430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00717.x
- Leon, C. S. (2011b). Sex fiends, perverts, and pedophiles: Understanding sex crime policy in America. New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Leon, C. S. (2011c). Sex offender punishment and the persistence of penal harm in the U.S. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34(3), 177–185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.04.004
- Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y. N., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7(1), 137–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x
- Lynch, M. (2002). Pedophiles and cyber-predators as contaminating forces: The language of disgust, pollution, and boundary invasions in federal debates on sex offender legislation. Law & Social Inquiry, 27(3), 529–566. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2002.tb00814.x
- Maguire, M., & Singer, J. (2011). A false sense of security: Moral panic driven sex offender legislation. Critical Criminology, 19(4), 301–312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-010-9127-3
- Malinen, S., Willis, G. M., & Johnston, L. (2014). Might informative media reporting of sexual offending influence community members' attitudes towards sex offenders? Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(6), 535–552. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2013.793770
- Mallicoat, S. L. (2007). Gendered justice: Attributional differences between males and females in the juvenile courts. Feminist Criminology, 2(1), 4–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085106296349
- Mancini, C., & Mears, D. P. (2010). To execute or not to execute? Examining public support for capital punishment of sex offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(5), 959–968. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.06.013
- McCahill, T. W., Meyer, L. C., & Fischman, A. M. (1979). The aftermath of rape. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
- McCorkle, R. C. (1993). Research note: Punish and rehabilitate? Public attitudes toward six common crimes. Crime & Delinquency, 39(2), 240–252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039002008
- McCormick, J. S., Maric, A., Seto, M. C., & Barbaree, H. E. (1998). Relationship to victim predicts sentence length in sexual assault cases. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(3), 413–420. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/088626098013003007
- Mears, D. P., Mancini, C., Gertz, M., & Bratton, J. (2008). Sex crimes, children, and pornography: Public views and public policy. Crime & Delinquency, 54(4), 532–559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128707308160
- Merchant, N. (2018, December 11). Activists outraged after Texas judge approves probation, no jail time for frat president accused of rape. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved from ChicagoTribune.com
- Mona, L., & Craig, H. (2009). Capital jury deliberation: Effects on death sentencing, comprehension, and discrimination. Law and Human Behavior, 33(6), 481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/S10979-008-9168-2
- MoveOn.Org (2019). Recall Judge James P. Mcclusky. Retrieved from https://petitions.moveon.org/sign/recall-judge-james-p
- Newcombe, P. A., Van Den Eynde, J., Hafner, D., & Jolly, L. (2008). Attributions of responsibility for rape: Differences across familiarity of situation, gender, and acceptance of rape myths1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(7), 1736–1754. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00367.x
- Nhan, J., Polzer, K., & Ferguson, J. (2012). “More dangerous than hitmen”: Judicial perceptions of sexual offenders. International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, 5(1), 823–836.
- Palmer, E. (2019). 50,000 sign petition demanding judge who spared bus driving child rapist from jail be removed from bench. Newsweek. Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/petition-judge-james-mcclusky-shane-piche-rape-bus-driver-1411261
- Patrick, S., & Marsh, R. (2011). Sentencing outcomes of convicted child sex offenders. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(1), 94–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.541356
- Pickett, J. T., Mancini, C., & Mears, D. P. (2013). Vulnerable victims, monstrous offenders, and unmanageable risk: Explaining public opinion on the social control of sex crime. Criminology, 51(3), 729–759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12018
- Quinn, J. F., Forsyth, C. J., & Mullen-Quinn, C. (2004). Societal reaction to sex offenders: A review of the origins and results of the myths surrounding their crimes and treatment amenability. Deviant Behavior, 25(3), 215–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620490431147
- Richards, T. N., Tillyer, M. S., & Wright, E. M. (2019). When victims refuse and prosecutors decline: Examining exceptional clearance in sexual assault cases. Crime & Delinquency, 65(4), 474–498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719828351
- Rivera, D. (2018). In unprecedented move, voted ousted Judge Corey. What happens now? KTVA. Retrieved from https://www.ktva.com/story/39442345/in-unprecedented-move-voters-ousted-judge-corey-what-happens-now
- Rivers, D. (2006). Sample matching: Representative sampling from internet panels. Polimetrix White Paper Series.
- Rogers, P., Hirst, L., & Davies, M. (2011). An investigation into the effect of respondent gender, victim age, and perpetrator treatment on public attitudes towards sex offenders, sex offender treatment, and sex offender rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 50(8), 511–530. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2011.602472
- Romo, V., (2018). Charlottesville jury recommends 419 years plus life for neo-nazi who killed protester. All Things Considered. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2018/12/11/675682912/charlottesville-jury-recommends-419-years-plus-life-for-neo-nazi-who-killed-prot
- Rydberg, J., Cassidy, M., & Socia, K. M. (2018). Punishing the wicked: Examining the correlates of sentence severity for convicted sex offenders. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 34(4), 943–970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9360-y
- Rydberg, J., Dum, C. P., & Socia, K. M. (2018). Nobody gives a #%&!: A factorial survey examining the effect of criminological evidence on opposition to sex offender residence restrictions. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 14(4), 541–550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-018-9335-5
- Sahl, D., & Keene, J. R. (2010). The sexual double standard and gender differences in predictors of perceptions of adult-teen sexual relationships. Sex Roles, 62(3-4), 264–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9727-0
- Sahl, D., & Keene, J. R. (2012). The effects of age, authority, and gender on perceptions of statutory rape offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(18), 3701–3722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512447523
- Sandler, J. C., & Freeman, N. J. (2011). Female sex offenders and the criminal justice system: A comparison of arrests and outcomes. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17(1), 61–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.537380
- Sarder, S. (2018, December 13). Thousands say judge who gave Baylor frat president probation, not prison, in rape case must go. Dallas News. Retrieved from https://www.dallasnews.com/news/crime/2018/12/13/thousands-say-judge-gave-baylor-frat-president-probation-not-prison-rape-case-must-go
- Seelau, S. M., & Seelau, E. P. (2005). Gender-role stereotypes and perceptions of heterosexual, gay and lesbian domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 20(6), 363.
- Shields, R. T., & Cochran, J. C. (2019). The gender gap in sex offender punishment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09416-x. Advance online publication ahead of print.
- Simon, J. (1998). Managing the monstrous: Sex offenders and the new penology. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 4(0), 452–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8971.4.1-2.452
- Socia, K. M., Dum, C. P., & Rydberg, J. (2019). Turning a blind eye: Public support of emergency housing policies for sex offenders. Sexual Abuse, 31(1), 25–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217720925
- Socia, K. M., & Harris, A. J. (2016). Evaluating public perceptions of the risk presented by registered sex offenders: Evidence of crime control theater? Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 22(4), 375–385. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000081
- Spohn, C. (2000). Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing process. Criminal Justice, 3, 427–501.
- Spohn, C., & Spears, J. (1996). The effect of offender and victim characteristics on sexual assault case processing decisions. Justice Quarterly, 13(4), 649. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829600093141
- Spohn, C., & Tellis, K. (2012a). The criminal justice system’s response to sexual violence. Violence against Women, 18(2), 169–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212440020
- Spohn, C., & Tellis, K. (2012b). Policing and prosecuting sexual assault in Los Angeles City and County: A collaborative study in partnership with the Los Angeles police department, the Los Angeles County sheriff’s department, and the Los Angeles County district attorney’s office. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice NCJ, 237582.
- StataCorp. (2017). Stata statistical software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp, LLC.
- Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J., & Kramer, J. (1998). The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, black, and male. Criminology, 36(4), 763–798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
- Stemple, L., Flores, A., & Meyer, I. H. (2017). Sexual victimization perpetrated by women: Federal data reveal surprising prevalence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 302–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.007
- Stemple, L., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). The sexual victimization of men in America: New data challenge old assumptions. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), e19–e26. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946
- Tasca, M., Rodriguez, N., Spohn, C., & Koss, M. P. (2013). Police decision making in sexual assault cases: Predictors of suspect identification and arrest. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(6), 1157–1177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512468233
- Temkin, J., & Krahé, B. (2008). Sexual assault and the justice gap: A question of attitude. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Tetreault, P. A., & Barnett, M. A. (1987). Reactions to stranger and acquaintance rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(3), 353–358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00909.x
- Thompson, L., Rydberg, J., Cassidy, M., & Socia, K. M. (2019). Contextual influences on the sentencing of individuals convicted of sexual crimes. Sexual Abuse. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063219852936
- United States v Haymond. (2019). No. 17-1672, 588 US.
- Unnever, J. D., & Cullen, F. T. (2010). The social sources of American’s punitiveness: A test of three competing models. Criminology, 48(1), 99–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00181.x
- Unnever, J. D., & Cullen, F. T. (2012). White perceptions of whether African Americans and Hispanics are prone to violence and support for the death penalty. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(4), 519–544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811415533
- Vaughan, T. J., Bell Holleran, L., & Silver, J. R. (2019). Applying moral foundations theory to the explanation of capital jurors’ sentencing decisions. Justice Quarterly, 1–30. doi:https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418825.2018.1537400
- Vavreck, L., & Rivers, D. (2008). The 2006 cooperative congressional election study. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 18(4), 355–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17457280802305177
- Viki, G. T., Abrams, D., & Masser, B. (2003). Evaluating stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent sexism in perpetrator blame and recommended sentence length. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55(3), 52.
- Walfield, S. M. (2018). “Men cannot be raped”: Correlates of male rape myth acceptance. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626051881777. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518817777
- Weinsheimer, C. C., Woiwod, D. M., Coburn, P. I., Chong, K., & Connolly, D. A. (2017). The unusual suspects: Female versus male accused in child sexual abuse cases. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 446–455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.003
- Wheeler, S., Weisburd, D., & Bode, N. (1982). Sentencing the white-collar offender: Rhetoric and reality. American Sociological Review, 47(5), 641–659. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2095164
- Wheelock, D., Wald, P., & Shchukin, Y. (2012). Managing the socially marginalized: Attitudes toward welfare, punishment, and race. Journal of Poverty, 16(1), 1–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2011.639859
- YouGov. (2014). Latest findings in economist/yougov poll. YouGov. Retrieved from http://today.yougov.com/news/categories/economist/