References
- Abrams, J. A., Hill, A., & Maxwell, M. (2019). Underneath the mask of the strong Black woman schema: Disentangling influences of strength and self-silencing on depressive symptoms among U.S. Black women. Sex Roles, 80(9–10), 517–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0956-y
- Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Child behavior checklist for ages 4-18. TM Achenbach.
- Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2001). Manual for the Aseba school-age forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. Aseba Burlington, VT.
- Agnew, R. (2013). Integrating assumptions about crime, people, and society: Response to the reviews of toward a unified criminology. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Criminology, 5(1), 74–93.
- Akers, R. L., Krohn, M. D., Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Radosevich, M. (1995). Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. In J. McCord & J. H. Laub (Eds.), Contemporary masters in criminology (pp. 187–214). Boston, MA: Springer US.
- Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: New Press.
- Allison, P. (2009). Fixed Effects Regression Models. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Atherton, O. E., Lawson, K. M., & Robins, R. W. (2020). The development of effortful control from late childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000283
- Bair, A. N., & Steele, J. R. (2010). Examining the consequences of exposure to racism for the executive functioning of Black students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 127–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.016
- Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure: An energy model of the self’s executive function. Self and Identity, 1(2), 129–136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319302
- Baumeister, R. F., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2000). Ego depletion: A resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition, 18(2), 130–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2000.18.2.130
- Blain-Arcaro, C., & Vaillancourt, T. (2017). Longitudinal associations between depression and aggression in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(5), 959–970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0204-2
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2019). Feeling race: Theorizing the racial economy of emotions. American Sociological Review, 84(1), 1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418816958
- Brezina, T., Tekin, E., & Topalli, V. (2009). “Might not be a tomorrow”: A multimethods approach to anticipated early death and youth crime. Criminology, 47(4), 1091–1129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00170.x
- Brody, G. H., Chen, Y.-F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77(5), 1170–1189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x
- Bryan, J., Williams, J. M., Kim, J., Morrison, S. S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2018). Perceived teacher discrimination and academic achievement among urban Caribbean Black and African American youth: School bonding and family support as protective factors. Urban Education, 004208591880695. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085918806959
- Buckley, T. R. (2018). Black adolescent males: Intersections among their gender role identity and racial identity and associations with self-concept (global and school). Child Development, 89(4), e311–e322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12950
- Burris, J. L., & Whitney, C. (2015). Blue vs. Black: Let’s end the conflict between cops and minorities. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
- Carter, R. T., Lau, M. Y., Johnson, V., & Kirkinis, K. (2017). Racial discrimination and health outcomes among racial/ethnic minorities: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 45(4), 232–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12076
- Chavous, T. M., Rivas-Drake, D., Smalls, C., Griffin, T., & Cogburn, C. (2008). Gender matters, too: The influences of school racial discrimination and racial identity on academic engagement outcomes among African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 637–654. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.637
- Chen, Pan and Alexander T. Vazsonyi. 2011. “Future Orientation, Impulsivity, and Problem Behaviors: A Longitudinal Moderation Model.” Developmental Psychology 47(6):1633–45.
- Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Jones, M. R., & Porter, S. R. (2018). Race and economic opportunity in the United States: An intergenerational perspective. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Clinkinbeard, S. S. (2014). What lies ahead: An exploration of future orientation, self-control, and delinquency. Criminal Justice Review, 39(1), 19–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016813501193
- Cogburn, C. D., Chavous, T. M., & Griffin, T. M. (2011). School-based racial and gender discrimination among African American adolescents: Exploring gender variation in frequency and implications for adjustment. Race and Social Problems, 3(1), 25–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-011-9040-8
- Cullen, F. T., Chouhy, C., Butler, L., & Lee, H. (2019). Beyond White criminology. In J. D. Unnever, S. L. Gabbidon, & C. Chouhy (Eds.), Building a Black criminology: Race, theory and crime (pp. 45–76). New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Curry, T. J. (2017a). The man-not: Race, class, genre, and the dilemmas of Black manhood. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
- Curry, T. J. (2017b). This nigger’s broken: Hyper‐masculinity, the buck, and the role of physical disability in White anxiety toward the Black male body. Journal of Social Philosophy, 48(3), 321–343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12193
- Davis, S. M., & Afifi, T. D. (2019). The strong Black woman collective theory: Determining the prosocial functions of strength regulation in groups of Black women friends. Journal of Communication, 69(1), 1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy065
- De Coster, S., & Lutz, J. (2018). Reconsidering labels and primary deviance: False appraisals, reflected appraisals, and delinquency onset. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 55(5), 609–648. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427818771437
- De Li, S. (2005). Race, self-control, and drug problems among jail inmates. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(4), 645–663. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500401
- DiAngelo, R. J. (2018). White fragility: Why it’s so hard for White people to talk about racism. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
- Doane, A. W., & Bonilla-Silva, E. (2003). White out: The continuing significance of racism. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Dugré, J. R., Dumais, A., Dellazizzo, L., & Potvin, S. (2020). Developmental joint trajectories of anxiety-depressive trait and trait-aggression: Implications for co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing problems. Psychological Medicine, 50(8), 1338–1310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719001272
- Egan, P. M., Hirt, E. R., & Karpen, S. C. (2012). Taking a fresh perspective: Vicarious restoration as a means of recovering self-control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 457–465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.019
- Evans, D. R., Boggero, I. A., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2016). The nature of self-regulatory fatigue and “ego depletion”: Lessons from physical fatigue. Personality and Social Psychology Review : An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 20(4), 291–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315597841
- Evans, S. Z., Simons, L. G., & Simons, R. L. (2016). Factors that influence trajectories of delinquency throughout adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 156–171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0197-5
- Feagin, J. (2013). Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Forrest, W., Hay, C., Widdowson, A. O., & Rocque, M. (2019). Development of impulsivity and risk-seeking: Implications for the dimensionality and stability of self-control. Criminology, 57(3), 512–543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12214
- Franklin, C. W. (2018). Surviving the institutional decimation of Black males: Causes, consequences, and intervention. In H. Brod (Ed.), The making of masculinities (pp. 155–169). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Gabbidon, S. L. (2019). Pioneering Black criminology: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Philadelphia negro. In J. D. Unnever, S. L. Gabbidon & C. Chouhy (Eds.), Building a Black criminology: Race, theory and crime (pp. 29–44). New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Garrison, K. E., Finley, A. J., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2019). Ego depletion reduces attention control: Evidence from two high-powered preregistered experiments. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(5), 728–739. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218796473
- Gibbons, F. X., O'Hara, R. E., Stock, M. L., Gerrard, M., Weng, C.-Y., & Wills, T. A. (2012). The erosive effects of racism: Reduced self-control mediates the relation between perceived racial discrimination and substance use in African American adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 1089–1104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027404
- Gibbs, J. T. (1987). Young, Black, and male in America: An endangered species. New York, NY: Auburn House Pub. Co.
- Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 5–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001002
- Greene, W. H. (2002). Econometric analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Hagan, J., & Foster, H. (2012). Intergenerational educational effects of mass imprisonment in America. Sociology of Education, 85(3), 259–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040711431587
- Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 495–525. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019486
- Harnois, C. E., & Ifatunji, M. (2011). Gendered measures, gendered models: Toward an intersectional analysis of interpersonal racial discrimination. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(6), 1006–1028. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.516836
- Hay, C., & Forrest, W. (2006). The development of self-control: Examining self-control theory’s stability thesis. Criminology, 44(4), 739–774. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00062.x
- Haynie, D. L., & Payne, D. C. (2006). Race, friendship networks, and violent delinquency. Criminology, 44(4), 775–805. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00063.x
- Hay, C., Widdowson, A., & Young, B. C. (2018). Self-control stability and change for incarcerated juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 56, 50–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.08.008
- Heimer, K. (2019). Inequalities and crime. Criminology, 57(3), 377–394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12220
- Herda, D., & McCarthy, B. (2018). No experience required: Violent crime and anticipated, vicarious, and experienced racial discrimination. Social Science Research, 70, 115–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.11.008
- Hirschfield, P., Maschi, T., White, H. R., Traub, L. G., & Loeber, R. (2006). Mental health and juvenile arrests: Criminality, criminalization, or compassion? Criminology, 44(3), 593–630. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00058.x
- Hope, E. C., Skoog, A. B., & Jagers, R. J. (2015). “It’ll never be the White kids, it’ll always be us”: Black high school students’ evolving critical analysis of racial discrimination and inequity in schools. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30(1), 83–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558414550688
- Intravia, J., Wolff, K. T., Stewart, E. A., & Simons, R. L. (2014). Neighborhood-level differences in police discrimination and subcultural violence: A multilevel examination of adopting the code of the street. Journal of Crime and Justice, 37(1), 42–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2013.832480
- Inzlicht, M., McKay, L., & Aronson, J. (2006). Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self-control. Psychological Science, 17(3), 262–269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01695.x
- Isom, S. D. A., & Seal, Z. T. (2019). Disentangling the roles of negative emotions and racial identity in the theory of African American offending. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(2), 277–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-018-9453-7
- Jakobsen, M., & Jensen, R. (2015). Common method bias in public management studies. International Public Management Journal, 18(1), 3–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2014.997906
- Johns, M., Inzlicht, M., & Schmader, T. (2008). Stereotype threat and executive resource depletion: Examining the influence of emotion regulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 691–705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013834
- Johnson, S. E., Richeson, J. A., & Finkel, E. J. (2011). Middle class and marginal? Socioeconomic status, stigma, and self-regulation at an elite university. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 838–852. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021956
- Jones, C. A., Ortiz, M., & Renner, K. (2020). Depression, perceived discrimination, and racial barrier awareness as predictors of offending for Black women. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 18(1), 1–18. Retrieved from . doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1679689
- Jouriles, E. N., & McDonald, R. (2015). Intimate partner violence, coercive control, and child adjustment problems. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(3), 459–474. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514535099
- Kaufman, J. M., Rebellon, C. J., Thaxton, S., & Agnew, R. (2008). A general strain theory of racial differences in criminal offending. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41(3), 421–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.41.3.421
- Kimmel, M. S., & Ferber, A. L. (2018). Privilege: A reader (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Kocić, A. (2017). From the violent “Black buck” stereotype to the “Black hero”: Representations of African Americans and Black masculinity in American cinema. FACTA UNIVERSITATIS-Linguistics and Literature, 15(1), 85–96.
- Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1993). Turning points in the life course: Why change matters to the study of crime. Criminology, 31(3), 301–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01132.x
- Lowery, P. G. (2019). The independent and joint effects of race, crime, and social location on the dispositional decisions of juvenile girls. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 17(2), 81–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1575780
- Lynching in America. (2019). Lynching in America confronting the legacy of racial terror. Retrieved from https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org.
- Ma, J., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Longitudinal associations of neighborhood collective efficacy and maternal corporal punishment with behavior problems in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 53(6), 1027–1041. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000308
- Mahler, A., Fine, A., Frick, P. J., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2018). Expecting the unexpected? Expectations for future success among adolescent first-time offenders. Child Development, 89(6), e535–e551. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12977
- Mahler, A., Simmons, C., Frick, P. J., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2017). Aspirations, expectations and delinquency: The moderating effect of impulse control. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(7), 1503–1514. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0661-0
- Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 393–421. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137
- Martin, M. J., McCarthy, B., Conger, R. D., Gibbons, F. X., Simons, R. L., Cutrona, C. E., & Brody, G. H. (2011). The enduring significance of racism: Discrimination and delinquency among Black American youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence : The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 662–676. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00699.x
- Marx, D. M., Ko, S. J., & Friedman, R. A. (2009). The “Obama effect”: How a salient role model reduces race-based performance differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 953–956. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.012
- Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 324–344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.324
- Mincy, R. B., Lewis, C. E., & Han, W.-J. (2006). Left behind less-educated young Black men in the economic boom of the 1990s. In R. B. Mincy (Ed.), Black males left behind (pp. 1–10). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
- Moffitt, T. E. (1997). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent offending: A complementary pair of developmental theories. Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency, 7, 11–54.
- Moore, J. L., Madison-Colmore, O., & Smith, D. M. (2003). The prove-them-wrong syndrome: Voices from unheard African American males in engineering disciplines. The Journal of Men's Studies, 12(1), 61–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1201.61
- Muraven, M., Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1999). Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: Building self-control strength through repeated exercise. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(4), 446–457. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598404
- Muraven, M., Buczny, J., & Law, K. F. (2019). Ego depletion. In R. M. Richard (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 113–134). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
- Muraven, M., Collins, R. L., & Nienhaus, K. (2002). Self-control and alcohol restraint: An initial application of the self-control strength model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 16(2), 113–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.16.2.113
- Muraven, M., Pogarsky, G., & Shmueli, D. (2006). Self-control depletion and the general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(3), 263–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-006-9011-1
- Nguyen, H. D., & Ryan, A. M. (2008). Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1314–1334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012702
- Noble, R. (2006). Black rage in the American prison system. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC.
- Noguera, P. A. (2003). The trouble with Black boys: The role and influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic performance of African American males. Urban Education, 38(4), 431–459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085903038004005
- Okeke, N. A., Howard, L. C., Kurtz-Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J. (2009). Academic race stereotypes, academic self-concept, and racial centrality in African American youth. The Journal of Black Psychology, 35(3), 366–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798409333615
- Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108(5), 937–975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/374403
- Pauker, Kristin, Nalini Ambady and Evan P. Apfelbaum. 2010. “Race Salience and Essentialist Thinking in Racial Stereotype Development.” Child Development 81(6):1799–813.
- Peterson, R. D. (2012). The central place of race in crime and justice—the American Society of Criminology’s 2011 Sutherland address. Criminology, 50(2), 303–328. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00271.x
- Peterson, R. D., Krivo, L. J., & Russell-Brown, K. (2018). Color matters: Race, ethnicity, crime, and justice in uncertain times. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 15(1), 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X18000127
- Petrich, D. M., & Sullivan, C. J. (2020). Does future orientation moderate the relationship between impulse control and offending? Insights from a sample of serious young offenders. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 18(2), 156–178. Retrieved from . doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019876976
- Pimentel, C. (2019). Colorblind racism, the Trump effect, and the blind side. In S. E. Turner & S. Nilsen (Eds.), The myth of colorblindness: Race and ethnicity in American cinema (pp. 113–139). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Piquero, A. R., Cullen, F. T., Unnever, J. D., Piquero, N. L., & Gordon, J. A. (2010). Never too late: Public optimism about juvenile rehabilitation. Punishment & Society, 12(2), 187–207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474509357379
- Potter, H. (2015). Intersectionality and criminology: Disrupting and revolutionizing studies of crime. London: Routledge Press.
- Reddick, R. J., Welton, A. D., Alsandor, D. J., Denyszyn, J. L., & Platt, C. S. (2011). Stories of success: High minority, high poverty public school graduate narratives on accessing higher education. Journal of Advanced Academics, 22(4), 594–618. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X11414133
- Riina, E. M., Martin, A., Gardner, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Context matters: Links between neighborhood discrimination, neighborhood cohesion and African American adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(1), 136–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9804-5
- Rowley, S. J., Ross, L., Lozada, F. T., Williams, A., Gale, A., & Kurtz-Costes, B. (2014). Chapter nine - framing Black boys: Parent, teacher, and student narratives of the academic lives of Black boys. In L. S. Liben & R. S. Bigler (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 47, pp. 301–332): New York, NY: JAI.
- Rudrow, K. J. (2019). “I see death around the corner”: Black manhood and vulnerability in me against the world. Journal of Black Studies, 50(7), 632–650. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934719875941
- Russell, K. K. (1992). Development of a Black criminology and the role of the Black criminologist. Justice Quarterly, 9(4), 667–683. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829200091601
- Russell-Brown, K. (2009). The color of crime. New York, NY: NYU Press.
- Russell-Brown, K. (2019). Black criminology in the 21st century. In J. D. Unnever, S. L. Gabbidon & C. Chouhy (Eds.), Building a Black criminology: Race, theory and crime (pp. 101–126). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Salvatore, J., & Shelton, J. N. (2007). Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 18(9), 810–815. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x
- Sanders, M. G. (1997). Overcoming obstacles: Academic achievement as a response to racism and discrimination. The Journal of Negro Education, 66(1), 83–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2967253
- Saunders, J., Davis, L., Williams, T., & Williams, J. H. (2004). Gender differences in self-perceptions and academic outcomes: A study of African American high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(1), 81–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027390531768
- Sellers, R. M., Copeland-Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. L. H. (2006). Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 187–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x
- Semuels, A. (2016). No, most Black people don’t live in poverty—or inner cities. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/10/trump-african-american-inner-city/503744/
- Shih, J. (2002). ‘…Yeah, I could hire this one, but I know it’s gonna be a problem’: How race, nativity and gender affect employers’ perceptions of the manageability of job seekers. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(1), 99–119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870120112076
- Simons, R. L., Chen, Y.-F., Stewart, E. A., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample. Justice Quarterly, 20(4), 827–854. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820300095711
- Smith Lee, J. R., & Robinson, M. A. (2019). “That’s my number one fear in life. It’s the police”: Examining young Black men’s exposures to trauma and loss resulting from police violence and police killings. Journal of Black Psychology, 45(3), 143–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798419865152
- Sohoni, T., & Rorie, M. (2019). The Whiteness of White-collar crime in the united states: Examining the role of race in a culture of elite White-collar offending. Theoretical Criminology, 136248061986431. Retrieved from . doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619864312
- Wallin, A. S., Koupil, I., Gustafsson, J.-E., Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., & Falkstedt, D. (2019). Academic performance, externalizing disorders and depression: 26,000 adolescents followed into adulthood. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(8), 977–986. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01668-z
- Spencer, M. B., Fegley, S., Harpalani, V., & Seaton, G. (2004). Understanding hypermasculinity in context: A theory-driven analysis of urban adolescent males’ coping responses. Research in Human Development, 1(4), 229–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427617rhd0104_2
- Staller, M. S., Müller, M., Christiansen, P., Zaiser, B., Körner, S., & Cole, J. C. (2019). Ego depletion and the use of force: Investigating the effects of ego depletion on police officers’ intention to use force. Aggressive Behavior, 45(2), 161–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21805
- Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. The American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613
- Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
- Stewart, E. A., & Simons, R. L. (2006). Structure and culture in African American adolescent violence: A partial test of the “code of the street” thesis. Justice Quarterly, 23(1), 1–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820600552378
- Swanson, D. P., Cunningham, M., & Spencer, M. B. (2003). Black males’ structural conditions, achievement patterns, normative needs, and “opportunities”. Urban Education, 38(5), 608–633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085903256218
- Thomas, A. J., Hacker, J. D., & Hoxha, D. (2011). Gendered racial identity of Black young women. Sex Roles, 64(7–8), 530–542. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9939-y
- Thomas, D. E., & Stevenson, H. (2009). Gender risks and education: The particular classroom challenges for urban low-income African American boys. Review of Research in Education, 33(1), 160–180. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X08327164
- Timberlake, J. M., & Estes, S. B. (2007). Do racial and ethnic stereotypes depend on the sex of target group members? Evidence from a survey-based experiment. The Sociological Quarterly, 48(3), 399–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00083.x
- Tolnay, S. E., & Beck, E. M. (1995). A festival of violence: An analysis of southern lynchings, 1882–1930. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/101.5.1638
- Tsai, M.-H., & Li, N. P. (2020). Depletion manipulations decrease openness to dissent via increased anger. British Journal of Psychology (London, England : 1953), 111(2), 246–274. Retrieved from doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12387
- Unnever, James D. (2014). “A Theory of African American Offending: A Test of Core Propositions.” Race and Justice 4(2), 98–123.
- Unnever, J. D. (2015). Causes of African-American juvenile delinquency. In M. D. Krohn & J. Lane (Eds.), Wiley handbooks in criminology and criminal justice (pp. 121–138). Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
- Unnever, J. D. (2019). The racial invariance thesis. In J. D. Unnever, S. L. Gabbidon, & C. Chouhy (Eds.), Building a Black criminology: Race, theory and crime (pp. 77–100). New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Unnever, J. D., & Chouhy, C. (2019). Race, gender, and perceptions of peer delinquency: A within-subject analysis. Deviant Behavior, 1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1623604
- Unnever, J. D., & Chouhy, C. (2020). Race, racism, and the Cool Pose: Exploring Black and White male masculinity. Social Problems, 53(2), 139–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa010
- Unnever, J. D., Cullen, F. T., & Barnes, J. C. (2016). Racial discrimination, weakened school bonds, and problematic behaviors: Testing a theory of African American offending. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53(2), 139–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427815610794
- Unnever, J. D., Cullen, F. T., & Barnes, J. C. (2017). Racial discrimination and pathways to delinquency: Testing a theory of African American offending. Race and Justice, 7(4), 350–373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368716658768
- Unnever, J. D., Cullen, F. T., Mathers, S. A., McClure, T. E., & Allison, M. C. (2009). Racial discrimination and Hirschi’s criminological classic: A chapter in the sociology of knowledge. Justice Quarterly, 26(3), 377–409. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802506180
- Unnever, J. D., & Gabbidon, S. L. (2011). A theory of African American offending: Race, racism, and crime. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Unnever, J. D., Gabbidon, S. L., & Chouhy, C. (2019). Building a Black criminology: Race, theory and crime. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Unnever, J. D., Gabbidon, S. L., & Higgins, G. E. (2011). The election of Barrack Obama and perceptions of criminal injustice. Justice Quarterly, 28(1), 23–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.493525
- Unnever, J. D., Gabbidon, S. L., Russell-Brown, K., & Owusu-Bempah, A. (2019). Building a Black criminology: The time is now. The Criminologist, 44(1), 1–7.
- Unnever, J. D., & Owusu-Bempah, A. (2019). A Black criminology matters. In J. D. Unnever, S. L. Gabbidon & C. Chouhy (Eds.), Building a Black criminology: Race, theory and crime (pp. 3–28). New York, NY: Routledge Press.
- Van Gelder, J.-L., & De Vries, R. E. (2012). Traits and states: Integrating personality and affect into a model of criminal decision making. Criminology, 50(3), 637–671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00276.x
- Vazsonyi, A. T., & CrossWhite, J. M. (2004). A test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime in African American adolescents. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(4), 407–432. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803262060
- Vazsonyi, A. T., & Jiskrova, K. G. (2018). On the development of self-control and deviance from preschool to middle adolescence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 56, 60–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.08.005
- Vega, D., Moore, J. L., & Miranda, A. H. (2015). “I’m going to prove you wrong”. Journal for Multicultural Education, 9(4), 210–224. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-11-2014-0037
- von Hippel, P. T. (2007). 4. Regression with missing y’s: An improved strategy for analyzing multiply imputed data. Sociological Methodology, 37(1), 83–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2007.00180.x
- Ward, J. T., Ray, J. V., & Fox, K. A. (2018). Exploring differences in self-control across sex, race, age, education, and language: Considering a bifactor mimic model. Journal of Criminal Justice, 56, 29–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.09.006
- Warr, M. (2002). Companions in crime: The social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Watson, N. N., & Hunter, C. D. (2016). “I had to be strong”: Tensions in the strong Black woman schema. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(5), 424–452. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798415597093
- White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30(4), 377–399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4067
- Wolfe, S. E. (2015). Low self-control, gender, race, and offending in late life. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21(5), 426–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2014.989169
- Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1197–1232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7106012
- Yuan, X., Xu, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). Resource depletion perspective on the link between abusive supervision and safety behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 162(1), 213–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3983-2