Arguing for Criminal Justice Reform: Examining the Effects of Message Framing on Policy Preferences

References

• Aharoni, E., Kleider‐Offutt, H. M., & Brosnan, S. F. (2020). The price of justice: Cost neglect increases criminal punishment recommendations. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 25(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharoni, E., Kleider-Offutt, H. M., Brosnan, S. F., & Fernandes, S. (2020). Slippery scales: Cost prompts, but not benefit prompts, modulate sentencing recommendations in laypeople. PLoS One, 15(7), e0236764. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharoni, E., Kleider‐Offutt, H. M., Brosnan, S. F., & Watzek, J. (2019). Justice at any cost? The impact of cost-benefit salience on criminal punishment judgments. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 37(1), 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aviram, H. (2015). Cheap on crime: Recession-era politics and the transformation of American Punishment. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, T., Cleary, H. M., Pickett, J. T., & Gertz, M. G. (2016). Crime salience and public willingness to pay for child saving and juvenile punishment. Crime & Delinquency, 62(5), 645–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128713505487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, T., Metcalfe, C. F., Berenblum, T., Aviv, G., & Gertz, M. (2015). Examining public preferences for the allocation of resources to rehabilitative versus punitive crime policies. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(5), 448–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403414521462
   Google Scholar
• Bandara, S. N., McGinty, E. E., & Barry, C. L. (2020). Message framing to reduce stigma and increase support for policies to improve the wellbeing of people with prior drug convictions. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 76, 102643–102611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkan, S. E., & Cohn, S. F. (2005). Why whites favor spending more money to fight crime: The role of racial prejudice. Social Problems, 52(2), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2005.52.2.300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett, K. (1997). Making crime pay: Law and order in contemporary American politics. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, K. (2018). The politics, promise, and peril of criminal justice reform in the context of mass incarceration. Annual Review of Criminology, 1(1), 235–259. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092458
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, K., Beach, L., Knaphus, E., & Reosti, A. (2018). US criminal justice policy and practice in the twenty‐first century: Toward the end of mass incarceration? Law & Policy, 40(4), 321–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett, K., Reosti, A., & Knaphus, E. (2016). The end of an era? Understanding the contradictions of criminal justice reform. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 664(1), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215598973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berinsky, A. J., Margolis, M. F., & Sances, M. W. (2014). Separating the shirkers from the workers? Making sure respondents pay attention on self‐administered surveys. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo, L. D., & Johnson, D. (2004). A taste for punishment: Black and white Americans' views on the death penalty and the war on drugs. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 1(1), 151–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X04040081
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. S., & Engen, R. L. (2016). Leaving prison: A multilevel investigation of racial, ethnic, and gender disproportionality in correctional release. Crime & Delinquency, 62(2), 253–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128714557023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M., Talaifar, S., & Gosling, S. D. (2018). An evaluation of Amazon's mechanical turk, its rapid rise, and its effective use. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 13(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617706516
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burton, A. L., Burton, V. S., Jr, Cullen, F. T., Pickett, J. T., Butler, L. C., & Thielo, A. J. (2020). Beyond the new Jim crow: Public support for removing and regulating collateral consequences. Federal Probation, 84(3), 19–33.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, R., Nyhan, B., Montgomery, J. M., & Torres, M. (2018). Revisiting white backlash: Does race affect death penalty opinion? Research & Politics, 5(1), 205316801775125. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017751250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T., Padgett, K., Bratton, J., Pickett, J. T., & Gertz, M. (2012). Racial threat and opposition to the re-enfranchisement of ex-felons. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 1, 13–28. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2012.01.2
   Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T., Welch, K., & Gertz, M. (2004). Racial typification of crime and support for punitive measures. Criminology, 42(2), 358–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00523.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10(1), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, D., Citrin, J., & Conley, P. (2001). When self‐interest matters. Political Psychology, 22(3), 541–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clear, T. R., & Frost, N. A. (2011). The rise and fall of the punishment imperative: The grand social experiment in mass incarceration. New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Creighton, M. J., & Wozniak, K. H. (2018). Are racial and educational inequities in mass incarceration perceived to be a social problem? Results from an experiment. Social problems, 66(4), 485–502. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spy017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T., Fisher, B. S., & Applegate, B. K. (2000). Public opinion about punishment and corrections. Crime and Justice, 27, 1–79. https://doi.org/10.1086/652198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke, P. R., & Chaiken, S. (2005). The pursuit of self-interest: Self-interest bias in attitude judgment and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 864–883. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, E. A. (2017). The politics of racial disparity reform: Racial inequality and criminal justice policymaking in the states. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-016-9344-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakulich, K. M., & Kirk, E. M. (2016). Public opinion and criminal justice reform. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(1), 171–177. doi: 0.1111/1745-9133.12186 https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar, A., Kupchik, A., Hughes, C., & Lewis, R. (2019). Fear of a black (and poor) school: Race, class, and school safety policy preferences. Race and Justice, Advanced online publication, .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duxbury, S. W. (2021). Who controls criminal law? Racial threat and the adoption of state sentencing law, 1975 to 2012. American Sociological Review, 86(1), 123–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420967647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enns, P. (2014). The public's increasing punitiveness and its influence on mass incarceration in the United States. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 857–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, N. A. (2010). Beyond public opinion polls: Punitive public sentiment & criminal justice policy. Sociology Compass, 4(3), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00269.x
   Google Scholar
• Frost, N. A., Clear, T. R., & Monteiro, C. E. (2018). Ending mass incarceration: Six bold reforms. In E. Drucker (Ed.), Decarcerating America: From mass punishment to public health. The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, A. (2017). The effect of message frames on public attitudes toward criminal justice reform for nonviolent offenses. Crime and Delinquency, 63(5), 636–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716687758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, M. (2015). Caught: The prison state and the lockdown of American politics. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gubitz, S. R., Klar, S., Robison, J., & Druckman, J. N. (2018). Political dynamics of framing. In T. N. Ridout (Ed.), New directions in media and politics (pp. 29–53). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hetey, R. C., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2014). Racial disparities in incarceration increase acceptance of punitive policies. Psychological Science, 25(10), 1949–1954. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614540307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (2005). Playing the race card in the post–Willie Horton era: The impact of racialized code words on support for punitive crime policy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfi004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, T. M., & Wozniak, K. H. (2021). Framing effects and group differences in public opinion about prison pell grants. PS: Political Science & Politics, 54(3), 411–415. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096521000019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, T., & Wozniak, K. H. (2020). Public opinion and the politics of collateral consequence policies. Punishment & Society, 23(2), 190–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna, S., & King, A. (2009). Once a criminal, always a criminal?:‘Redeemability’and the psychology of punitive public attitudes. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 15(1–2), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-008-9088-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascini, P., & Houtman, D. (2006). Rehabilitation and repression: Reassessing their ideological embeddedness. The British Journal of Criminology, 46(5), 822–836. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad, K. G. (2019). The condemnation of Blackness: Race, crime, and the making of modern urban America, with a new preface. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, A., Bonn, S., & Wilson, G. (2010). Racial prejudice and spending on drug rehabilitation: The role of attitudes toward blacks and Latinos. Race and Social Problems, 2(3–4), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-010-9035-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peffley, M., & Hurwitz, J. (2007). Persuasion and resistance: Race and the death penalty in America. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 996–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00293.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peffley, M., & Hurwitz, J. (2009). Racial stereotyping and political attitudes: The view from political science. In E. Borgida, C. M. Federico, and J. L. Sullivan (Eds.), The political psychology of democratic citizenship (pp. 247–274). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peffley, M., Hurwitz, J., & Mondak, J. (2017). Racial attributions in the justice system and support for punitive crime policies. American Politics Research, 45(6), 1032–1058. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17692326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peffley, M., Hurwitz, J., & Sniderman, P. M. (1997). Racial stereotypes and whites' political views of blacks in the context of welfare and crime. American Journal of Political Science, 41(1), 30–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival, G. L. (2015). Smart on crime: The struggle to build a better American penal system. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2020). Support for Black Lives Matter has decreased since June but remains strong among Black Americans [report]. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/16/support-for-black-lives-matter-has-decreased-since-june-but-remains-strong-among-black-americans/
   Google Scholar
• Pfaff, J. (2017). Locked in: The true causes of mass incarceration-and how to achieve real reform. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pickett, J. T. (2019). Public opinion and criminal justice policy: Theory and research. Annual Review of Criminology, 2(1), 405–428. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, J. T., Chiricos, T., & Gertz, M. (2014). The racial foundations of whites' support for child saving. Social Science Research, 44, 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, J. T., Ivanov, S., & Wozniak, K. H. (2020). Selling effective violence prevention policies to the public: a nationally representative framing experiment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09447-6
   Google Scholar
• Pickett, J. T., Welch, K., Chiricos, T., & Gertz, M. (2014). Racial crime stereotypes and offender juvenility: Comparing public views about youth-specific and nonyouth-specific sanctions. Race and Justice, 4(4), 381–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368714542007
   Google Scholar
• Public Religion Research Institute. (2015). Deep divide between Black and White Americans in views of criminal justice system. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.prri.org/research/divide-white-black-americans-criminal-justice-system/
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, M. D. (2013). Americans’ changing views on crime and punishment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(4), 1006–1031. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nft040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reny, T. T., & Newman, B. J. (2021). The opinion-mobilizing effect of social protest against police violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd protests. American Political Science Review, 115(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. V., & Stalans, L. (1997). Public opinion, crime, and criminal justice. Westview.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, A. D. (2017). Cultivating support for punitive criminal justice policies: News sectors and the moderating effects of audience characteristics. Social Forces, 96(1), 299–328. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, M. L., & Pager, D. (2020). Sociological perspectives on racial discrimination. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(2), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.2.49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D., Painter-Davis, N., & Ulmer, J. (2017). Intersectionality of race, ethnicity, gender, and age on criminal punishment. Sociological Perspectives, 60(4), 810–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416679371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stimson, J. A. (1999). Public opinion in America: Moods, cycles, and swings. Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sundt, J., Cullen, F. T., Thielo, A. J., & Jonson, C. L. (2015). Public willingness to downsize prisons: Implications from Oregon. Victims & Offenders, 10(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2015.1078180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thielo, A. J., Cullen, F. T., Cohen, D. M., & Chouhy, C. (2016). Rehabilitation in a red state: Public support for correctional reform in Texas. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(1), 137–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., & White, I. K. (2002). Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402004240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino, N. A., Neuner, F. G., & Vandenbroek, L. M. (2018). The changing norms of racial political rhetoric and the end of racial priming. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1086/694845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuk, M., Applegate, B. K., Ouellette, H. M., Bolin, R. M., & Aizpurua, E. (2020). The pragmatic public? The impact of practical concerns on support for punitive and rehabilitative prison policies. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(2), 273–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-019-09507-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch, K. (2007). Black criminal stereotypes and racial profiling. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(3), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986207306870
   Google Scholar
• Western, B., & Pettit, B. (2010). Incarceration & social inequality. Daedalus, 139(3), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, I. K. (2007). When race matters and when it doesn't: Racial group differences in response to racial cues. American Political Science Review, 101(2), 339–354. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644449 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak, K. H. (2014). American public opinion about prisons. Criminal Justice Review, 39(3), 305–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016814529968
   Google Scholar
• Wozniak, K. H. (2016). Public opinion and the politics of criminal justice policy making: Reasons for optimism, pessimism, and uncertainty. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(1), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak, K. H. (2019). The effect of exposure to racialized cues on White and Black public support for justice reinvestment. Justice Quarterly, 37(6), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1486448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak, K. H. (2020). An analysis of Black–White racial differences in public support for nonviolent sentencing reform. Race and Justice, 10(4), 456–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718768388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak, K. H. (2020). Public discussion about critical issues in criminal justice reform. Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology, 8(4), 401–428. https://doi.org/10.21428/88de04a1.7dfc6a5c
   Google Scholar