School start time influences melatonin and cortisol levels in children and adolescents – a community-based study

References

• Achenbach TM. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Vt: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington.
   Google Scholar
• Adolescent Sleep Working Group; Committee on Adolescence; Council on School Health. (2014). School start times for adolescents. Pediatrics. 134:642–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod J. (1974). The pineal gland: A neurochemical transducer. Science. 184:1341–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer KM, Blunden S. (2008). How accurate is subjective reporting of childhood sleep patterns? A review of the literature and implications for practice. Curr Pediatr Rev. 4:132–42.
   Google Scholar
• Beck-Friis J, Kjellman BF, Aperia B, Undén F, von Rosen D, Ljunggren JG, Wetterberg L. (1985). Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 71:319–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boergers J, Gable CJ, Owens JA. (2014). Later school start time is associated with improved sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 35:11–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordin IAS, Mari JJ, Caeiro MF. (1995). Validação da versão Brasileira do “Child Behavior Checklist” (CBCL) (Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e Adolescência): Dados preliminares. Revista ABP-APAL. 17:55–66.
   Google Scholar
• Bordin IA, Rocha MM, Paula CS, Teixeira MCTV, Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA, Silvares EFM. (2013). Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Youth Self-Report (YSR) and Teacher’s Report Form (TRF): An overview of the development of the original and Brazilian versions. Cad Saúde Pública. 29:13–28.
   Google Scholar
• Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Byrne B, Glickman G, Gerner E, Rollag MD. (2001). Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci. 21:6405–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bumb JM, Mier D, Noelte I, Schredl M, Kirsch P, Hennig O, Liebrich L, FenskeS, Alm B, Sauer C, Leweke FM, Sobanski E. (2016). Associations of pineal volume, chronotype and symptom severity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 26:1119–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci A. (1996). Melatonin in relation to physiology in adult humans. J Pineal Res. 21:200–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carissimi A, Dresch F, Martins AC, Levandovski RM, Adan A, Natale V, Martoni M, Hidalgo MP. (2016). The influence of school time on sleep patterns of children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 19:33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrousos GP. (2009). Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 5:374–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipolla-Neto J, Amaral FG, Afeche SC, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. (2014). Melatonin, energy metabolism, and obesity: A review. J Pineal Res. 56:371–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claustrat B, Leston J. (2015). Melatonin: Physiological effects in humans. Neurochirurgie. 61:77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clow A, Thorn L, Evans P, Hucklebridge F. (2004). The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress. 7:29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler CA, Klerman EB. (1999). Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans. Recent Prog Horm Res. 54:97–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Souza CM, Hidalgo MP. (2014). Midpoint of sleep on school days is associated with depression among adolescents. Chronobiol Int. 31:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Milia L, Adan A, Natale V, Randler C. Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures. Chronobiol Int. 2013;30:1261–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckerberg B, Lowden A, Nagai R, Akerstedt T. (2012). Melatonin treatment effects on adolescent students’ sleep timing and sleepiness in a placebo-controlled crossover study. Chronobiol Int. 29:1239–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes PA, Cecon E, Markus RP, Ferreira ZS. (2006). Effect of TNF-alpha on the melatonin synthetic pathway in the rat pineal gland: Basis for a ‘feedback’ of the immune response on circadian timing. J Pineal Res. 41:344–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory AM, Sadeh A. (2016). Annual Research Review: Sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders – A review of the latest science. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 57:296–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Robillard R, Scott EM, Hermens DF. (2013). Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression. BMC Med. 11:79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne JA, Ostberg O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine Morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 4:97–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hysing M, Pallesen S, Stormark KM, Lundervold AJ, Sivertsen B. (2013). Sleep patterns and insomnia among adolescents: A population-based study. J Sleep Res. 22:549–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TW, Jeong JH, Hong SC. (2015). The impact of sleep and circadian disturbance on hormones and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol. 2015:591729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochan DZ, Kovalchuk O. (2015). Circadian disruption and breast cancer: An epigenetic link? Oncotarget. 6:16866–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Bellingrath S, Hellhammer DH. (2007). Further support for higher salivary cortisol levels in “morning” compared to “evening” persons. J Psychosom Res. 62:595–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaert B, Barry TJ, Schruers K, Vervliet B, Hermans D. (2016). Emotional attentional control predicts changes in diurnal cortisol secretion following exposure to a prolonged psychosocial stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 63:291–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi MM, Bruce JN. (2004). Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin. Front Neuroendocrinol. 25:177–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzoccoli G, Giuliani F, Sothern RB. (2012). Determination of whole body circadian phase in lung cancer patients: Melatonin vs. cortisol. Cancer Epidemiol. 36:e46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes C, Lopes AM, do Amaral FG, Peliciari-Garcia RA, Turati Ade O, Hirabara SM, Scialfa Falcão JH, Cipolla-Neto J. (2013). Adaptations of the aging animal to exercise: Role of daily supplementation with melatonin. J Pineal Res. 55:229–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minges KE, Redeker NS. (2015). Delayed school start times and adolescent sleep: A systematic review of the experimental evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 28:82–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nechita F, Pîrlog MC, ChiriŢă al. (2015). Circadian malfunctions in depression - neurobiological and psychosocial approaches. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 56:949–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskis A, Loveday C, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L, Clow A. (2009). Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34:307–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens JA, Belon K, Moss P. (2010). Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 164:608–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva T, Gaspar T, Matos MG. (2015). Sleep deprivation in adolescents: Correlations with health complaints and health-related quality of life. Sleep Med. 16:521–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Allebrandt KV, Merrow M, Vetter C. (2012). Social jetlag and obesity. Curr Biol. 22:939–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kantermann T, Juda M, Vetter C, Allebrandt KV. (2013). Light and the human circadian clock. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 217:311–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, Merrow M. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 14:R1038–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonneaux V, Ribelayga C. (2003). Generation of the melatonin endocrine message in mammals: A review of the complex regulation of melatonin synthesis by norepinephrine, peptides, and other pineal transmitters. Pharmacol Rev. 55:325–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpkin CT, Jenni OG, Carskadon MA, Wright KP Jr, Akacem LD, Garlo KG, LeBourgeois MK. (2014). Chronotype is associated with the timing of the circadian clock and sleep in toddlers. J Sleep Res. 23:397–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivertsen B, Pallesen S, Sand L, Hysing M. (2014). Sleep and body mass index in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years. BMC Pediatr. 14:204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Spence DW, Hardeland R, Poeggeler B, Cardinali DP. (2009). Pathophysiology of depression: Role of sleep and the melatonergic system. Psychiatry Res. 165:201–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundberg I, Ramklint M, Stridsberg M, Papadopoulos FC, Ekselius L, Cunningham JL. (2016). Salivary melatonin in relation to depressive symptom severity in young adults. PLoS One. 11:e0152814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wada K, Nakamura K, Tamai Y, Tsuji M, Watanabe K, Ando K, Nagata C. (2013). Associations of endogenous melatonin and sleep-related factors with behavioral problems in preschool Japanese children. Ann Epidemiol. 23:469–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. (2006). Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 23:497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 310:2191–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawilska JB, Skene DJ, Arendt J. (2009). Physiology and pharmacology of melatonin in relation to biological rhythms. Pharmacol Rep. 61:383–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitzer JM, Duffy JF, Lockley SW, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. (2007). Plasma melatonin rhythms in young and older humans during sleep, sleep deprivation, and wake. Sleep. 30:1437–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar