Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer

References

• Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. 2012. Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int. 29:1153–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando H, Yanagihara H, Hayashi Y, Obi Y, Tsuruoka S, Takamura T, Kaneko S, Fujimura A. 2005. Rhythmic messenger ribonucleic acid expression of clock genes and adipocytokines in mouse visceral adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 146:5631–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assier E, Boissier MC, Dayer JM. 2010. Interleukin-6: from identification of the cytokine to development of targeted treatments. Joint Bone Spine. 77:532–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson G, Edwards B, Reilly T, Waterhouse J. 2007. Exercise as a synchroniser of human circadian rhythms: an update and discussion of the methodological problems. Eur J Appl Physiol. 99:331–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune D, Norat T, Leitzmann M, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ. 2015. Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 30:529–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillot A, Vibarel-Rebot N, Thomasson R, Jollin L, Amiot V, Emy P, Collomp K. 2011. Serum and saliva adrenocortical hormones in obese diabetic men during submaximal exercise. Hormone Metab. 43:148–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banasik J, Williams H, Haberman M, Blank SE, Bendel R. 2011. Effect of Iyengar yoga practice on fatigue and diurnal salivary cortisol concentration in breast cancer survivors. J Am Acad Nurse Practition. 23:135–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnea M, Madar Z, Froy O. 2009. High-fat diet delays and fasting advances the circadian expression of adiponectin signaling components in mouse liver. Endocrinology. 150:161–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnea M, Madar Z, Froy O. 2010. High-fat diet followed by fasting disrupts circadian expression of adiponectin signaling pathway in muscle and adipose tissue. Obesity. 18:230–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Fluchter SH, Mecke D, Lippert TH. 1994. Diminished pineal function coincides with disturbed circadian endocrine rhythmicity in untreated primary cancer patients. Consequence of premature aging or of tumor growth? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 719:502–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beccuti G, Monagheddu C, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Broglio F, Soldati L, Bo S. 2017. Timing of food intake: sounding the alarm about metabolic impairments? A systematic review. Pharmacol Res. 125:132–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson I, Lissner L, Ljung T, Rosengren A, Thelle D, Wahrborg P. 2010. The cortisol awakening response and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-aged men and women. Metabolism. 59:1012–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonato M, Agnello L, Galasso L, Montaruli A, Roveda E, Merati G, La Torre A, Vitale JA. 2017a. Acute modification of cardiac autonomic function of high-intensity interval training in collegiate male soccer players with different chronotype: A cross-over study. J Sports Sci Med. 16:286–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonato M, La Torre A, Saresella M, Marventano I, Merati G, Vitale JA. 2017b. Salivary cortisol concentration after high-intensity interval exercise: time of day and chronotype effect. Chronobiol Int. 34:698–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower JE, Ganz PA, Dickerson SS, Petersen L, Aziz N, Fahey JL. 2005. Diurnal cortisol rhythm and fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 30:92–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramble DM, Lieberman DE. 2004. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature. 432:345–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner DR, Poirier AE, Grundy A, Khandwala F, McFadden A, Friedenreich CM. 2017. Cancer incidence attributable to inadequate physical activity in Alberta in 2012. CMAJ Open. 5:E338–E344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruehl H, Wolf OT, Convit A. 2009. A blunted cortisol awakening response and hippocampal atrophy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 34:815–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle EE, Kaaks R. 2004a. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nature Rev Cancer. 4:579–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle EE, Thun MJ. 2004b. Obesity and cancer. Oncogene. 23:6365–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano P, Cardinali DP, Rios-Lugo MJ, Fernandez-Mateos MP, Reyes Toso CF, Esquifino AI. 2009. Effect of a high-fat diet on 24-hour pattern of circulating adipocytokines in rats. Obesity. 17:1866–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Wang RH. 2017. Associations among metabolism, circadian rhythm and age-associated diseases. Aging Dis. 8:314–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cap J. 2012. Androgen deficit and diabetes. Vnitrni Lekarstvi. 58:228–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlson LE, Speca M, Patel KD, Goodey E. 2004. Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 29:448–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castel M, Belenky M, Cohen S, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J. 1993. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in retinal terminals of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci. 5:368–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro C, Peleteiro B, Lunet N. 2017. Modifiable factors and esophageal cancer: a systematic review of published meta-analyses. J Gastroenterol. doi:10.1007/s00535-017-1375-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champaneri S, Xu X, Carnethon MR, Bertoni AG, Seeman T, DeSantis AS, Diez Roux A, Shrager S, Golden SH. 2013. Diurnal salivary cortisol is associated with body mass index and waist circumference: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Obesity. 21:E56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champaneri S, Xu X, Carnethon MR, Bertoni AG, Seeman T, Diez Roux A, Golden SH. 2012. Diurnal salivary cortisol and urinary catecholamines are associated with diabetes mellitus: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Metabolism. 61:986–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung S, Son GH, Kim K. 2011. Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: its regulation and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1812:581–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Williamson GM. 1991. Stress and infectious disease in humans. Psycholog Bull. 109:5–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collomp K, Baillot A, Forget H, Coquerel A, Rieth N, Vibarel-Rebot N. 2016. Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: A review. Physiol Behav. 164:68–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collomp R, Labsy Z, Zorgati H, Prieur F, Cottin F, Do MC, Gagey O, Lasne F, Collomp K. 2014. Therapeutic glucocorticoid administration alters the diurnal pattern of dehydroepiandrosterone. Endocrine. 46:668–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey SM, Epel E, Schembri M, Pawlowsky SB, Cole RJ, Araneta MR, Barrett-Connor E, Kanaya AM. 2014. Effect of restorative yoga vs. stretching on diurnal cortisol dynamics and psychosocial outcomes in individuals with the metabolic syndrome: the PRYSMS randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 49:260–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depner CM, Stothard ER, Wright KP Jr. 2014. Metabolic consequences of sleep and circadian disorders. Curr Diabetes Rep. 14:507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deprins J, Cornelissen G, Halberg F. 1977. Harmonic interpolation on equispaced series. Chronobiologia. 4:173.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz-Arjonilla M, Schwarcz M, Swerdloff RS, Wang C. 2009. Obesity, low testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction. Int J Impotence Res. 21:89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U. 2010. The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Ann Rev Physiol. 72:517–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaglehouse YL, Koh WP, Wang R, Aizhen J, Yuan JM, Butler LM. 2017. Physical activity, sedentary time, and risk of colorectal cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 26:469–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards S, Evans P, Hucklebridge F, Clow A. 2001. Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 26:613–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erren TC, Reiter RJ. 2009. Defining chronodisruption. J Pineal Res. 46:245–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari E, Cravello L, Muzzoni B, Casarotti D, Paltro M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Cuzzoni G, Pontiggia B, Magri F. 2001. Age-related changes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: pathophysiological correlates. Eur J Endocrinol. 144:319–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filaire E, Ferreira JP, Oliveira M, Massart A. 2013. Diurnal patterns of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol secretion in female adolescent tennis players after 16 weeks of training. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 38:1122–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. 2011. Diabetes, cancer, and metformin: connections of metabolism and cell proliferation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1243:54–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble KL, Berry R, Frank SJ, Young ME. 2014. Circadian clock control of endocrine factors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 10:466–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Gomez-Abellan P. 2013. Chronobiology and obesity. Nutr Hosp. 28(Suppl 5):114–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Madrid JA. 2010. Chronobiology: influences on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 4:15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Georgopoulos NA, Rottstein L, Tsekouras A, Theodoropoulou A, Koukkou E, Mylonas P, Polykarpou G, Lampropoulou E, Iconomou G, Leglise M, et al. 2011. Abolished circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in elite artistic gymnasts. Steroids. 76:353–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimard A, Prieur F, Baillot A, Amiot V, Mongeois E, Barrande M, Lasne F, Collomp K. 2013. Effect of obesity on diurnal patterns of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in male subjects. Sci Sports. 28:331–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett RA, Steptoe A, Kumari M. 2014. Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with type 2 diabetes in the Whitehall II study. J Clin Endcorinol Metab. 99:4625–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halberg F, Carandente F, Cornelissen G, Katinas GS. 1977. Glossary of chronobiology (author’s transl). Chronobiologia. 4(Suppl 1):1–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen J. 2001. Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology. 12:74–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwig S, Raschke S, Knebel B, Scheler M, Irmler M, Passlack W, Muller S, Hanisch FG, Franz T, Li X, et al. 2014. Secretome profiling of primary human skeletal muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1844:1011–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haus E, Smolensky M. 2006. Biological clocks and shift work: circadian dysregulation and potential long-term effects. Cancer Causes Control. 17:489–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havel PJ, Townsend R, Chaump L, Teff K. 1999. High-fat meals reduce 24-h circulating leptin concentrations in women. Diabetes. 48:334–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman AE, Yi CH, Zheng T, Stevens RG, Leaderer D, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Hansen J, Paulson J, Zhu Y. 2010. CLOCK in breast tumorigenesis: genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional profiling analyses. Cancer Res. 70:1459–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Bass J. 2011. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism. J Clin Invest. 121:2133–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incollingo Rodriguez AC, Epel ES, White ML, Standen EC, Seckl JR, Tomiyama AJ. 2015. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation and cortisol activity in obesity: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 62:301–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innominato PF, Levi FA, Bjarnason GA. 2010. Chronotherapy and the molecular clock: clinical implications in oncology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 62:979–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innominato PF, Roche VP, Palesh OG, Ulusakarya A, Spiegel D, Levi FA. 2014. The circadian timing system in clinical oncology. Ann Med. 46:191–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbell LA, Pruetz JD, Lewis M, Young TP. 1998. Locomotor activity differences between sympatric patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for the evolution of long hindlimb length in Homo. Am J Physical Anthropol. 105:199–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson LW, Weinstock RS. 2006. The metabolic syndrome: concepts and controversy. Mayo Clin Proc. 81:1615–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabia FM, Rhebergen D, van Exel E, Stek ML, Comijs HC. 2016. The predictive value of cortisol levels on 2-year course of depression in older persons. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 63:320–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajantie E, Eriksson J, Osmond C, Wood PJ, Forsen T, Barker DJ, Phillips DI. 2004. Size at birth, the metabolic syndrome and 24-h salivary cortisol profile. Clin Endocrinol. 60:201–07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A, Palm IF, La Fleur SE, Scheer FA, Perreau-Lenz S, Ruiter M, Kreier F, Cailotto C, Buijs RM. 2006. SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life. J Biol Rhythms. 21:458–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan SA, Meehan AG, Shah A. 2006. The age related decrease in testosterone is significantly exacerbated in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. What are the implications for the relatively high incidence of erectile dysfunction observed in these men? J Urol. 176:1524–27. discussion 1527-1528. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandekar MJ, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM. 2011. Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity. Nature Rev Cancer. 11:886–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko CH, Takahashi JS. 2006. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Human Mol Genet. 15(Spec No 2):R271–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohsaka A, Laposky AD, Ramsey KM, Estrada C, Joshu C, Kobayashi Y, Turek FW, Bass J. 2007. High-fat diet disrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice. Cell Metab. 6:414–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koukkari WL, Southern RB. 2006. Introducing biological rhythms/a primer on the temporal organization of life, with implications for health, societies, reproduction and the natural environment. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Warren BJ, Stone MH, Fleck SJ, Kearney JT, Conroy BP, Maresh CM, Weseman CA, Triplett NT, et al. 1992. Acute hormonal responses in elite junior weightlifters. Int J Sports Med. 13:103–09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehl LK, Hinkelmann K, Muhtz C, Dettenborn L, Wingenfeld K, Spitzer C, Kirschbaum C, Wiedemann K, Otte C. 2015. Hair cortisol and cortisol awakening response are associated with criteria of the metabolic syndrome in opposite directions. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 51:365–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labsy Z, Prieur F, Le Panse B, Do MC, Gagey O, Lasne F, Collomp K. 2013. The diurnal patterns of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to intense aerobic exercise in recreationally trained soccer players. Stress. 16:261–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lac G, Chamoux A. 2006. Do circannual rhythm of cortisol and testosterone interfere with variations induced by other events? Annales D’endocrinologie. 67:60–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laermans J, Depoortere I. 2016. Chronobesity: role of the circadian system in the obesity epidemic. Obes Rev. 17:108–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasikiewicz N, Hendrickx H, Talbot D, Dye L. 2008. Exploration of basal diurnal salivary cortisol profiles in middle-aged adults: associations with sleep quality and metabolic parameters. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 33:143–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K, International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working G. 2016. Body Fatness and Cancer–viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. New Engl J Med. 375:794–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr S, Hartwig S, Lamers D, Famulla S, Muller S, Hanisch FG, Cuvelier C, Ruige J, Eckardt K, Ouwens DM, et al. 2012. Identification and validation of novel adipokines released from primary human adipocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics. 11(M111):010504. doi:10.1074/mcp.M111.010504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leone V, Gibbons SM, Martinez K, Hutchison AL, Huang EY, Cham CM, Pierre JF, Heneghan AF, Nadimpalli A, Hubert N, et al. 2015. Effects of diurnal variation of gut microbes and high-fat feeding on host circadian clock function and metabolism. Cell Host Microbe. 17:681–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissoni P, Rovelli F, Giani L, Mandala M, Meregalli S, Barni S, Confalonieri G, Bonfanti A. 1998. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) secretion in early and advanced solid neoplasms: selective deficiency in metastatic disease. Int J Biol Markers. 13:154–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi G, Barbaro M, Locatelli M, Banfi G. 2017. Novel bone metabolism-associated hormones: the importance of the pre-analytical phase to for understanding their physiological roles. Endocrine. 56(3):460–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Perego S, Sansoni V, Banfi G. 2016. Implications of exercise-induced adipo-myokines in bone metabolism. Endocrine. 54:284–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutgendorf SK, Weinrib AZ, Penedo F, Russell D, DeGeest K, Costanzo ES, Henderson PJ, Sephton SE, Rohleder N, Lucci JA 3rd, et al. 2008. Interleukin-6, cortisol, and depressive symptoms in ovarian cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 26:4820–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masala G, Bendinelli B, Occhini D, Bruno RM, Caini S, Saieva C, Ungar A, Ghiadoni L, Palli D. 2017. Physical activity and blood pressure in 10,000 Mediterranean adults: the EPIC-Florence cohort. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 27:670–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matousek RH, Pruessner JC, Dobkin PL. 2011. Changes in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) following participation in mindfulness-based stress reduction in women who completed treatment for breast cancer. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 17:65–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzarella L. 2015. Why does obesity promote cancer? Epidemiology, biology, and open questions. Ecancermedicalscience. 9:554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minetto MA, Lanfranco F, Tibaudi A, Baldi M, Termine A, Ghigo E. 2008. Changes in awakening cortisol response and midnight salivary cortisol are sensitive markers of strenuous training-induced fatigue. J Endocrinol Invest. 31:16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montaruli A, Galasso L, Carandente F, Vitale JA, Roveda E, Caumo A. 2017. If the morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) is able to predict the actigraphy-based acrophase, how does its reduced, five-item version (rMEQ) perform? Chronobiol Int. 34:443–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RY, Eichler VB. 1972. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res. 42:201–06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mormont MC, Levi F. 1997. Circadian-system alterations during cancer processes: a review. Int J Cancer. 70:241–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrosovsky N, Reebs SG, Honrado GI, Salmon PA. 1989. Behavioural entrainment of circadian rhythms. Experientia. 45:696–702.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nedeltcheva AV, Scheer FA. 2014. Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes. Curr Opin Endcorinol Diabetes Obes. 21:293–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norheim F, Raastad T, Thiede B, Rustan AC, Drevon CA, Haugen F. 2011. Proteomic identification of secreted proteins from human skeletal muscle cells and expression in response to strength training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 301:E1013–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill S, O’Driscoll L. 2015. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev. 16:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passelergue P, Robert A, Lac G. 1995. Salivary cortisol and testosterone variations during an official and a simulated weight-lifting competition. Int J Sports Med. 16:298–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauley SM. 2004. Lighting for the human circadian clock: recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue. Med Hypothes. 63:588–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK. 2011. Muscles and their myokines. J Exp Biol. 214:337–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. 2008. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev. 88:1379–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Keller P, Plomgaard P, Febbraio M, Saltin B. 2003. Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate? J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 24:113–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendergast JS, Branecky KL, Huang R, Niswender KD, Yamazaki S. 2014. Wheel-running activity modulates circadian organization and the daily rhythm of eating behavior. Front Psychol. 5:177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluquet O, Dejeans N, Bouchecareilh M, Lhomond S, Pineau R, Higa A, Delugin M, Combe C, Loriot S, Cubel G, et al. 2013. Posttranscriptional regulation of PER1 underlies the oncogenic function of IREalpha. Cancer Res. 73:4732–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, Eckel RH, American Heart A, Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition PA, Metabolism. 2006. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 113:898–918. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontzer H. 2017. Economy and endurance in human evolution. Curr Biol. 27:R613–R621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T, Waterhouse J. 2009. Sports performance: is there evidence that the body clock plays a role? Eur J Appl Physiol. 106:321–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reppert SM, Weaver DR. 2002. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature. 418:935–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro M, Ruff P, Falkson G. 1997. Low serum testosterone and a younger age predict for a poor outcome in metastatic prostate cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 20:605–08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich T, Innominato PF, Boerner J, Mormont MC, Iacobelli S, Baron B, Jasmin C, Levi F. 2005. Elevated serum cytokines correlated with altered behavior, serum cortisol rhythm, and dampened 24-hour rest–activity patterns in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 11:1757–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolian C, Lieberman DE, Hamill J, Scott JW, Werbel W. 2009. Walking, running and the evolution of short toes in humans. J Exp Biol. 212:713–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg DE, Jabbour SA, Goldstein BJ. 2005. Insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular risk: approaches to treatment. Diabetes Obes Metab. 7:642–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Formenti D, Vitale JA, Calogiuri G, Weydahl A. 2015. The effect of chronotype on psychophysiological responses during aerobic self-paced exercises. Percept Mot Skills. 121:840–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roveda E, Vitale J, Montaruli A, Galasso L, Carandente F, Caumo A. 2017a. Predicting the actigraphy-based acrophase using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) in college students of North Italy. Chronobiol Int. 34:551–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roveda E, Vitale JA, Bruno E, Montaruli A, Pasanisi P, Villarini A, Gargano G, Galasso L, Berrino F, Caumo A, et al. 2017b. Protective effect of aerobic physical activity on sleep behavior in breast cancer survivors. Integr Cancer Ther. 16:21–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahar S, Sassone-Corsi P. 2009. Metabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection. Nature Rev Cancer. 9:886–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansoni V, Vernillo G, Perego S, Barbuti A, Merati G, Schena F, La Torre A, Banfi G, Lombardi G. 2017. Bone turnover response is linked to both acute and established metabolic changes in ultra-marathon runners. Endocrine. 56:196–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schernhammer ES, Berrino F, Krogh V, Secreto G, Micheli A, Venturelli E, Sieri S, Sempos CT, Cavalleri A, Schunemann HJ, et al. 2008. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Nat Cancer Inst. 100:898–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Kawachi I, Colditz GA. 2001. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses’ health study. J Nat Cancer Inst. 93:1563–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schibler U. 2009. The 2008 Pittendrigh/Aschoff lecture: peripheral phase coordination in the mammalian circadian timing system. J Biol Rhythms. 24:3–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrepf A, Thaker PH, Goodheart MJ, Bender D, Slavich GM, Dahmoush L, Penedo F, DeGeest K, Mendez L, Lubaroff DM, et al. 2015. Diurnal cortisol and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 53:256–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder AM, Truong D, Loh DH, Jordan MC, Roos KP, Colwell CS. 2012. Voluntary scheduled exercise alters diurnal rhythms of behaviour, physiology and gene expression in wild-type and vasoactive intestinal peptide-deficient mice. J Physiol. 590:6213–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedliak M, Finni T, Cheng S, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K. 2007. Effect of time-of-day-specific strength training on serum hormone concentrations and isometric strength in men. Chronobiol Int. 24:1159–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sephton SE, Lush E, Dedert EA, Floyd AR, Rebholz WN, Dhabhar FS, Spiegel D, Salmon P. 2013. Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of lung cancer survival. Brain Behav Immun. 30(Suppl):S163–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shariat A, Kargarfard M, Danaee M, Bahri Mohd TS. 2015. Intensive resistance exercise and circadian salivary testosterone concentrations among young male recreational lifters. J Strength Condition Res. 29:151–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel D, Sephton SE, Terr AI, Stites DP. 1998. Effects of psychosocial treatment in prolonging cancer survival may be mediated by neuroimmune pathways. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 840:674–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steptoe A, Kunz-Ebrecht SR, Brydon L, Wardle J. 2004. Central adiposity and cortisol responses to waking in middle-aged men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 28:1168–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens RG. 2005. Circadian disruption and breast cancer: from melatonin to clock genes. Epidemiology. 16:254–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi JS, Hong HK, Ko CH, McDearmon EL. 2008. The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease. Nature Rev Genetics. 9:764–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda N, Maemura K. 2011. Circadian clock and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiol. 57:249–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor CR, Heglund NC, Maloiy GM. 1982. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J Exp Biol. 97:1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchernof A, Labrie F. 2004. Dehydroepiandrosterone, obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: a review of human studies. Eur J Endocrinol. 151:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis RC, Allen DS, Fentiman IS, Key TJ. 2004. Melatonin and breast cancer: a prospective study. J Nat Cancer Inst. 96:475–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadiraja HS, Raghavendra RM, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Rekha M, Vanitha N, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Vishweshwara MS, Madhavi YS, et al. 2009. Effects of a yoga program on cortisol rhythm and mood states in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Integr Cancer Ther. 8:37–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Someren EJ, Riemersma-Van Der Lek RF. 2007. Live to the rhythm, slave to the rhythm. Sleep Med Rev. 11:465–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander Wal JS, Maraldo TM, Vercellone AC, Gagne DA. 2015. Education, progressive muscle relaxation therapy, and exercise for the treatment of night eating syndrome. A pilot study. Appetite. 89:136–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale JA, Bjoerkesett E, Campana A, Panizza G, Weydahl A. 2017a. Chronotype and response to training during the polar night: a pilot study. Int J Circumpolar Health. 76:1320919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale JA, Bonato M, Galasso L, La Torre A, Merati G, Montaruli A, Roveda E, Carandente F. 2017b. Sleep quality and high intensity interval training at two different times of day: A crossover study on the influence of the chronotype in male collegiate soccer players. Chronobiol Int. 34:260–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale JA, Calogiuri G, Weydahl A. 2013. Influence of chronotype on responses to a standardized, self-paced walking task in the morning vs afternoon: a pilot study. Percept Mot Skills. 116:1020–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale JA, La Torre A, Baldassarre R, Piacentini MF, Bonato M. 2017c. Ratings of perceived exertion and self-reported mood state in response to high intensity interval training. A crossover study on the effect of chronotype. Front Psychol. 8:1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale JA, Roveda E, Montaruli A, Galasso L, Weydahl A, Caumo A, Carandente F. 2015. Chronotype influences activity circadian rhythm and sleep: differences in sleep quality between weekdays and weekend. Chronobiol Int. 32:405–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale JA, Weydahl A. 2017d. Chronotype, physical activity, and sport performance: A systematic review. Sports Med. 47:1859–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreeburg SA, Kruijtzer BP, van Pelt J, van Dyck R, DeRijk RH, Hoogendijk WJ, Smit JH, Zitman FG, Penninx BW. 2009. Associations between sociodemographic, sampling and health factors and various salivary cortisol indicators in a large sample without psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 34:1109–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh DK, Takahashi JS, Kay SA. 2010. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: cell autonomy and network properties. Ann Rev Physiol. 72:551–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood B, Collard M. 1999. The human genus. Science. 284:65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Xu J, Lombardi G, Jiao W, Banfi G. 2016. Effects of exercise on bone status in female subjects, from young girls to postmenopausal women: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Sports Med. 46:1165–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto S, Masubuchi S, Natsubori A, Nishide SY, Honma S, Honma K. 2014. Differential regulation of circadian melatonin rhythm and sleep-wake cycle by bright lights and nonphotic time cues in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 307:R546–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka Y, Honma S, Honma K. 2013. Daily exposure to a running wheel entrains circadian rhythms in mice in parallel with development of an increase in spontaneous movement prior to running-wheel access. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 305:R1367–1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasumoto Y, Nakao R, Oishi K. 2015. Free access to a running-wheel advances the phase of behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms and peripheral molecular clocks in mice. PloS One. 10:e0116476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo SH, Yamazaki S, Lowrey PL, Shimomura K, Ko CH, Buhr ED, Siepka SM, Hong HK, Oh WJ, Yoo OJ, et al. 2004. PERIOD2::lUCIFERASEreal-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 101:5339–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarrinpar A, Chaix A, Yooseph S, Panda S. 2014. Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 20:1006–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitzer JM, Nouriani B, Neri E, Spiegel D. 2014. Correspondence of plasma and salivary cortisol patterns in women with breast cancer. Neuroendocrinol. 100:153–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng ZL, Luo HY, Yang J, Wu WJ, Chen DL, Huang P, Xu RH. 2014. Overexpression of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 increases sensitivity to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 20:1042–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Imperatore G, Thomas W, Cheng YJ, Lobelo F, Norris K, Devlin HM, Ali MK, Gruss S, Bardenheier B, et al. 2017. Effect of lifestyle interventions on glucose regulation among adults without impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 123:149–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar