Several clock genes polymorphisms are meaningful risk factors in the development and severity of cannabis addiction

References

• Agrawal A, Lynskey MT, Hinrichs A, Grucza R, Saccone SF, Krueger R, Neuman R, Howells W, Fisher S, Fox L, et al. 2011. A genome-wide association study of DSM-IV cannabis dependence. Addict Biol. 16:514–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorim P, Lecrubier Y, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Sheehan D. 1998. DSM-IH-R psychotic disorders: procedural validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Concordance and causes for discordance with the CIDI. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr. 13:26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher G, Sassone-Corsi P. 2015. Time for food: the intimate interplay between nutrition, metabolism, and the circadian clock. Cell. 161:84–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ. 2005. Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinforma Oxf Engl. 21:263–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker-Krail D, McClung C. 2016. Implications of circadian rhythm and stress in addiction vulnerability. F1000Research. 5:59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benedetti F, Dallaspezia S, Colombo C, Pirovano A, Marino E, Smeraldi E. 2008. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 influences age at onset of bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett. 445:184–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower KJ. 2003. Insomnia, alcoholism and relapse. Sleep Med Rev. 7:523–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhr ED, Takahashi JS. 2013. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 3–27. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C H K, Takahashi JS. 2006. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Hum Mol Genet. 15 Spec No 2:R271–R277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimuro T, Matsui T, Nitanda Y, Matta T, Sakumura Y, Saito M, Kohno K, Nakahata Y, Bessho Y. 2014. Hes7 3ʹUTR is required for somite segmentation function. Sci Rep. 4:6462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H. 2002. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science. 296:2225–2229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego M, Virshup DM. 2007. Post-translational modifications regulate the ticking of the circadian clock. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:139–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall W, Degenhardt L. 2009. Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet Lond Engl. 374:1383–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampp G, Albrecht U. 2008. The circadian clock and mood-related behavior. Commun Integr Biol. 1:1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hampp G, Ripperger JA, Houben T, Schmutz I, Blex C, Perreau-Lenz S, Brunk I, Spanagel R, Ahnert-Hilger G, Meijer JH, et al. 2008. Regulation of monoamine oxidase A by circadian-clock components implies clock influence on mood. Curr Biol. CB. 18:678–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harima Y, Imayoshi I, Shimojo H, Kobayashi T, Kageyama R. 2014. The roles and mechanism of ultradian oscillatory expression of the mouse Hes genes. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 34:85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Bass J. 2011. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism. J Clin Invest. 121:2133–2141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innominato PF, Roche VP, Palesh OG, Ulusakarya A, Spiegel D, Lévi FA. 2014. The circadian timing system in clinical oncology. Ann Med. 46:191–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurinke C, van Den Boom D, Cantor CR, Köster H. 2002. The use of MassARRAY technology for high throughput genotyping. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 77:57–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kovanen L, Kaunisto M, Donner K, Saarikoski ST, Partonen T, Reif A. 2013. CRY2 genetic variants associate with dysthymia. PloS One. 8:e71450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovanen L, Saarikoski ST, Haukka J, Pirkola S, Aromaa A, Lonnqvist J, Partonen T. 2010. Circadian clock gene polymorphisms in alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol Oxf Oxfs. 45:303–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa Da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. 2014. Dopaminergic pathway polymorphisms and heroin addiction: further support for association of CSNK1E variants. Pharmacogenomics. 15:2001–2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little J, Higgins JP, Ioannidis JP. 2009. Strengthening the reporting of genetic association studies (STREGA): an extension of the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 62:597–608.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, Harrington H, Houts R, Keefe RSE, McDonald K, Ward A, Poulton R, Moffitt TE. 2012. Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A. 109:E2657–E2664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour HA, Wood J, Logue T, Chowdari KV, Dayal M, Kupfer DJ, Monk TH, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. 2006. Association study of eight circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav. 5:150–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantel N, Haenszel W. 1959. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 22:719–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung CA. 2007. Circadian rhythms, the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuit, and drug addiction. ScientificWorldJournal. 7:194–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panda S, Hogenesch JB, Kay SA. 2002. Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature. 417:329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh PK, McClung CA. 2015. Circadian mechanisms underlying reward-related neurophysiology and synaptic plasticity. Front Psychiatry. 6:187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh PK, Ozburn AR, McClung CA. 2015. Circadian clock genes: effects on dopamine, reward and addiction. Alcohol Fayettev N. 49:341–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreau-Lenz S, Spanagel R. 2015. Clock genes × stress × reward interactions in alcohol and substance use disorders. Alcohol Fayettev N. 49:351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JT, Thorvaldsdottir H, Winckler W, Donaldson IM, Wodak SJ. 2011. Integrative genomics viewer. Nat. Biotechnol. 29:24–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robison AJ, Nestler EJ. 2011. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 12:623–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Merrow M. 2016. The circadian clock and human health. CB. 26:R432–R443.
   Google Scholar
• Roth T; Workshop Participants. 2009. Does effective management of sleep disorders reduce substance dependence? Drugs. 69 Suppl 2:65–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherva R, Wang Q, Kranzler H, Martin-Brevet S, Snyder LG, Hippolyte L, Hanson E, Maillard AM, Faucett WA, Macé A, et al. 2016. Genome-wide association study of cannabis dependence severity, novel risk variants, and shared genetic risks. JAMA Psychiatry. 73:472–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumay E, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Logan J, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ, Maloney T, Wong C, Volkow ND. 2012. Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability. Transl Psychiatry. 2:e86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleipness EP, Sorg BA, Jansen HT. 2007. Diurnal differences in dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in rat brain: dependence on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 1129:34–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch KF, Lipan O, Leykin I, Viswanathan N, Davis FC, Wong WH, Weitz CJ. 2002. Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart. Nature. 417:78–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz HA, Levenson JC, Frank E. 2012. Psychotherapy for bipolar II disorder: the role of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 43:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi JS. 2015. Molecular components of the circadian clock in mammals. Diabetes Obes Metab. 17(Suppl 1):6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi JS. 2017. Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Nat Rev Genet. 18:164–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner SD. 2014. qqman: an R package for visualizing GWAS results using Q-Q and Manhattan plots. bioRxiv 005165. doi:10.1101/005165
   Google Scholar
• UNITED NATIONS, N. Y. 2012. UNODC, World Drug Reports. United Nations publications (Vienna, Austria); 1–112
   Google Scholar
• Verweij K, Zietsch BP, Lynskey MT, Medland SE, Neale MC, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. 2010. Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: a meta analysis of twin studies. Addict Abingdon Engl. 105:417–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasielewski JA, Holloway FA. 2001. Alcohol’s interactions with circadian rhythms. A focus on body temperature. Alcohol Res Health. 25:94–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb IC. 2017. Circadian rhythms and substance abuse: chronobiological considerations for the treatment of addiction. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 19:12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang BZ, Han S, Kranzler HR, Farrer LA, Elston RC, Gelernter J. 2012. Autosomal linkage scan for loci predisposing to comorbid dependence on multiple substances. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 159B:361–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo J, Lee Y, Kim Y, Rha S, Kim Y. 2008. SNPAnalyzer 2.0: a web-based integrated workbench for linkage disequilibrium analysis and association analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 9:290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang EE, Liu AC, Hirota T, Miraglia LJ, Welch G, Pongsawakul PY, Liu X, Atwood A, Huss JW, Janes J, et al. 2009. A genome-wide RNAi screen for modifiers of the circadian clock in human cells. Cell. 139:199–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar