Blue light emission spectra of popular mobile devices: The extent of user protection against melatonin suppression by built-in screen technology and light filtering software systems

References

• Aube M, Roby J, Kocifaj M. 2013. Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility. PLoS One. 8(7):e67798. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0067798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler J, Bourke P. 2019. Facebook use and sleep quality: Light interacts with socially induced alertness. Br J Psychol. 110(3):519–529. DOI:10.1111/bjop.12351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carracedo G, Carpena C, Concepcion P, Díaz V, García-García M, Jemni N, Lledó VE, Martín M, Pastrana C, Pelissier R, et al. 2017. Presence of melatonin in human tears. J Optom. 10(1):3–4. DOI:10.1016/j.optom.2016.03.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chellappa SL, Steiner R, Blattner P, Oelhafen P, Götz T, Cajochen C. 2011. Non-visual effects of light on melatonin, alertness and cognitive performance: Can blue-enriched light keep us alert? PLoS One. 6(1):e16429. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis KE, Eleftheriou C, Allen a, Procyk CA, Lucas RJ. 2015. Melanopsin-derived visual responses under light adapted conditions in the mouse dLGN. PLoS One. 10(3):e0123424. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escofet J, Bará S. 2015. Reducing the circadian input from self-luminous devices using hardware filters and software applications. Light Res Technol. 49(4):4. DOI:10.1177/1477153515621946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooley JJ, Chamberlain K, Smith K, Khalsa SBS, Rajaratnam SMW, Van Reen E, Zeitzer JM, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. 2011. Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96(3):E463–72. DOI:10.1210/jc.2010-2098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanifin JP, Stewart K, Smith P, Tanner R, Rollag M, Brainard GC. 2006. High-intensity red light suppresses melatonin. Chronobiol Int. 23(1–2):251–268. DOI:10.1080/07420520500521988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath M, Sutherland C, Bartel K, Gradisar M, Williamson P, Lovato N, Micic G. 2014. Does one hour of bright or short-wavelength filtered tablet screenlight have a meaningful effect on adolescents’ pre-bedtime alertness, sleep, and daytime functioning? Chronobiol Int. 31(4):496–505. DOI:10.3109/07420528.2013.872121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo J-Y, Kim K, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Papakostas GI, Kim M-J, Kim DJ, Chang KAJ, Oh Y, Yu B-H, et al. 2017. Effects of smartphone use with and without blue light at night in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled comparison. J Psychiatric Res. 87:61–70. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knufinke M, Fittkau-Koch L, Møst E, Kompier MAJ, Nieuwenhuys a. 2019. Restricting short-wavelength light in the evening to improve sleep in recreational athletes – A pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci. 19(6):728–735. DOI:110.1080/17461391.2018.1544278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orzech KM, Gradner M, Roane B, Carskadon MA. 2016. Digital media use in the 2 h before bedtime is associated with sleep variables in university students. Comput Human Behav. 55:43–50. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rea MS, Figueiro M, Bierman a, Bullough JD. 2010. Circadian light. J Circadian Rhythms. 8(1):2. DOI:10.1186/1740-3391-8-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosiak J, Zawilska JB. 2005. Near-ultraviolet light perceived by the retina generates the signal suppressing melatonin synthesis in the chick pineal gland-an involvement of NMDA glutamate receptors. Neurosci Lett. 379(3):214–217. DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman a, Sharpe LT. 1998. Human cone spectral sensitivities: A progress report. Vision Res. 38(21):3193–3206. DOI:10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00060-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood B, Rea M, Plitnick B, Figueiro MG. 2013. Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression. Appl Ergon. 44(2):237–240. DOI:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawilska JB, Rosiak J, Nowak JZ. 1999. Ultraviolet light suppresses melatonin biosynthesis in chick pineal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol. 460:43–46. DOI:10.1007/0-306-46814-x_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Stafford a, Godin a, King WM, Wong KY. 2014. Photoresponse diversity among the five types of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. J Physiol. 592(7):1619–1636. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar