References
- Arancibia S, Rage F, Astier H, Tapia-Arancibia L. 1996. Neuroendocrine and autonomous mechanisms underlying thermoregulation in cold environment. Neuroendocrinology. 64(4):257–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000127126
- Arjumand S, Tabassum H, Naiman Ali M, Al-Jameil N. 2016. Seasonal variation in status of Vitamin-D, serum bone profile and thyroid function in adult population of Saudi Arabia. Biomed Res. 27(4):1385–1389. https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/seasonal-variation-in-status-of-vitamind-serum-bone-profile-and-thyroid-function-in-adult-population-of-saudi-arabia.html
- Arrojo E, Drigo R, Bianco AC. 2011. Type 2 deiodinase at the crossroads of thyroid hormone action. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 43(10):1432–1441. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2011.05.016
- Barchetta I, Baroni MG, Leonetti F, De Bernardinis M, Bertoccini L, Fontana M, Mazzei E, Fraioli A, Cavallo MG. 2015. TSH levels are associated with vitamin D status and seasonality in an adult population of euthyroid adults. Clin Exp Med. 15(3):389–396. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-014-0290-9
- Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch JG, Kelsay JL, Reiser S. 1984. Seasonal variation in plasma glucose and hormone levels in adult men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 40(6):1352–1356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.6.1352
- Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. 2009. Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
- Dardente H, Hazlerigg DG, Ebling FJ. 2014. Thyroid hormone and seasonal rhythmicity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 5:19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00019
- Dardente H, Wyse CA, Birnie MJ, Dupré SM, Loudon AS, Lincoln GA, Hazlerigg DG. 2010. A molecular switch for photoperiod responsiveness in mammals. Curr Biol. 20(24):2193–2198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.048
- Das G, Taylor PN, Javaid H, Tennant BP, Geen J, Aldridge A, Okosieme O. 2018. Seasonal variation of vitamin d and serum thyrotropin levels and its relationship in a euthyroid caucasian population. Endocr Pract. 24(1):53–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.4158/EP-2017-0058
- Ebling FJ. 2014. On the value of seasonal mammals for identifying mechanisms underlying the control of food intake and body weight. Horm Behav. 66(1):56–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.009
- Ehrenkranz J, Bach PR, Snow GL, Schneider A, Lee JL, Ilstrup S, Bennett ST, Benvenga S. 2015. Circadian and Circannual Rhythms in Thyroid Hormones: determining the TSH and Free T4 Reference Intervals Based Upon Time of Day, Age, and Sex. Thyroid. 25(8):954–961. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2014.0589
- Epstein Y, Udassin R, Sack J. 1979. Serum 3,5,3ʹ-triiodothyronine and 3,3ʹ,5ʹ-triiodothyronine concentrations during acute heat load. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 49(5):677–678. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-49-5-677
- Fathzadeh M, Seyedna Y, Khazali H, Sheidai M, Farhud DD. 2005. Epidemiological study of T4, T3 and TSH mean concentrations in four Iranian populations. Iranian J Publ Health. 34(1):74–79. http://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/1884
- Ginzburg AS, Vinogradova AA, Fedorova EI, Nikitich EV, Karpov AV. 2014. Content of oxygen in the atmosphere over large cities and respiratory problems. Izvestiya Atmos Oceanic Phys. 50(8):782–792. doi:https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433814080040
- Goldberg MS, Giannetti N, Burnett RT, Mayo NE, Valois M-F, Brophy JM. 2008. A panel study in congestive heart failure to estimate the short-term effects from personal factors and environmental conditions on oxygen saturation and pulse rate. Occup Environ Med. 65(10):659–666. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.034934
- Gullo D, Latina A, Frasca F, Squatrito S, Belfiore A, Vigneri R. 2017. Seasonal variations in TSH serum levels in athyreotic patients under L-thyroxine replacement monotherapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 87(2):207–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13351
- Harrop JS, Ashwell K, Hopton MR. 1985. Circannual and within-individual variation of thyroid function tests in normal subjects. Ann Clin Biochem. 22(4):371–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/000456328502200407
- Hassi J, Sikkilä K, Ruokonen A, Leppäluoto J. 2001. The pituitary-thyroid axis in healthy men living under subarctic climatological conditions. J Endocrinol. 169(1):195–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1690195
- Hegedüs L, Rasmussen N, Knudsen N. 1987. Seasonal variation in thyroid size in healthy males. Horm Metab Res. 19(8):391–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1011833
- Hou T-D, Du J-Z. 2005. Norepinephrine attenuates hypoxia-inhibited thyrotropin-releasing hormone release in median eminence and paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus.. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 26(1):43–49. PMID: 15726019.
- Jang -Y-Y, Kim C-Y, Hwang T-Y, Kim K-D, Lee C-H. 2008. Reference interval of serum thyroid hormones in healthy Korean adults. J Prev Med Public Health. 41(2):128–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.128
- Kanikowska D, Sato M, Iwase S, Shimizu Y, Nishimura N, Inukai Y, Sugenoya J. 2013. Effects of living at two ambient temperatures on 24-h blood pressure and neuroendocrine function among obese and non-obese humans: a pilot study. Int J Biometeorol. 57(3):475–481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-012-0574-2
- Kim TH, Kim KW, Ahn HY, Choi HS, Won H, Choi Y, Cho SW, Moon JH, Yi KH, Park DJ, et al. 2013. Effect of seasonal changes on the transition between subclinical hypothyroid and euthyroid status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98(8):3420–3429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1607
- Koono N. 1980. Reciprocal changes in serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine between summer and winter in normal adult men. Endocrinol Jpn. 27(4):471–476. doi:https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj1954.27.471
- Kussmaul T, K H G, Haerting J, Werdan K, Thiery J, Kratzsch J. 2014. Thyroid analytes TSH, FT3 and FT4 in serum of healthy elderly subjects as measured by the Roche modular system: do we need age and gender dependent reference levels? Clin Lab. 60(9):1551–1559. doi:https://doi.org/10.7754/clin.lab.2014.130328
- Kuzmenko NV. 2019. Seasonal variations in atmospheric pressure, partial oxygen density and geomagnetic activity as additional synchronizers of circannual rhythms. Biophysics. 64(4):599–609. doi:https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350919040080
- Leonard WR, Levy SB, Tarskaia LA, Klimova TM, Fedorova VI, Baltakhinova ME, Krivoshapkin VG, Snodgrass JJ. 2014. Seasonal variation in basal metabolic rates among the Yakut (Sakha) of Northeastern Siberia. Am J Hum Biol. 26(4):437–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22524
- Louzada RA, Santos MC, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Rangel IF, Ferreira AC, Galina A, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Carvalho DP. 2014. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is upregulated in rat slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle during cold exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 307(11):E1020–E1029. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00637.2013
- Maes M, Mommen K, Hendrickx D, Peeters D, D’Hondt P, Ranjan R, De Meyer F, Scharpé S. 1997. Components of biological variation, including seasonality, in blood concentrations of TSH, TT3, FT4, PRL, cortisol and testosterone in healthy volunteers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 46(5):587–598. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.1881002.x
- Mahwi TO, Abdulateef DS. 2019. Relation of different components of climate with human pituitary-thyroid axis and FT3/FT4 ratio: a study on euthyroid and SCH subjects in two different seasons. Int J Endocrinol. 2019:2762978. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2762978
- Mirit E, Palmon A, Hasin Y, Horowitz M. 1999. Heat acclimation induces changes in cardiac mechanical performance: the role of thyroid hormone. Am J Physiol. 276(2):R550–R558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.R550
- Mustafa S, Elgazzar A. 2014. Influence of chronic exposure to cold environment on thyroid gland function in rabbits. Horm Metab Res. 46(8):546–549. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1363284
- Nagata H, Izumiyama T, Kamata K, Kono S, Yukimura Y, TAWATA M, AIZAWA T, YAMADA T. 1976. An increase of plasma triiodothyronine concentration in man in a cold environment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 43(5):1153–1156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-43-5-1153
- Nakane Y, Yoshimura T. 2014. Universality and diversity in the signal transduction pathway that regulates seasonal reproduction in vertebrates. Front Neurosci. 8:115. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00115
- Nicolau GY, Lakatua D, Sackett-Lundeen L, Haus E. 1984. Circadian and circannual rhythms of hormonal variables in elderly men and women. Chronobiol Int. 1(4):301–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528409063911
- O’Malley BP, Cook N, Richardson A, Barnett DB, Rosenthal FD. 1984. Circulating catecholamine, thyrotrophin, thyroid hormone and prolactin responses of normal subjects to acute cold exposure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 21(3):285–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1984.tb03471.x
- Oddie TH, Klein AH, Foley TP, Fisher DA. 1979. Variation in values for iodothyronine hormones, thyrotropin, and thyroxine-binding globulin in normal umbilical-cord serum with season and duration of storage. Clin Chem. 25(7):1251–1253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/25.7.1251
- Pasquali R, Baraldi G, Casimirri F, Mattioli L, Capelli M, Melchionda N, Capani F, Labò G. 1984. Seasonal variations of total and free thyroid hormones in healthy men: a chronobiological study. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 107(1):42–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1070042
- Pham DD, Lee JH, Hong KH, Jung YJ, Kim SJ, Leem CH. 2020. Seasonal effects on resting energy expenditure are dependent on age and percent body fat. Clin Nutr. 39(4):1276–1283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.05.021
- Plasqui G, Kester AD, Westerterp KR. 2003. Seasonal variation in sleeping metabolic rate, thyroid activity, and leptin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 285(2):E338–E343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2002
- Pope CA 3rd, Dockery DW, Kanner RE, Villegas GM, Schwartz J. 1999. Oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and particulate air pollution: A daily time-series panel study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 159(2):365–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9702103
- Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y. 2010. Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol Int. 27(9–10):1911–1929. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2010.516381
- Qi X, Chan WL, Read RJ, Zhou A, Carrell RW. 2014. Temperature-responsive release of thyroxine and its environmental adaptation in Australians. Proc Biol Sci. 281(1779):1779. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2747
- Rastogi GK, Sawhney RC. 1976. Thyroid function in changing weather in a subtropical region. Metabolism. 25(8):903–908. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(76)90123-2
- Reed HL, Brice D, Shakir KM, Burman KD, D’Alesandro MM, O’Brian JT. 1990a. Decreased free fraction of thyroid hormones after prolonged Antarctic residence. J Appl Physiol. 69(4):1467–1472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.4.1467
- Reed HL, Quesada M, Hesslink RL, D’Alesandro MM, Hays MT, Christopherson RJ, Turner BV, Young BA. 1994. Changes in serum triiodothyronine kinetics and hepatic type I 5’-deiodinase activity of cold-exposed swine. Am J Physiol. 266(5 Pt 1):E786–E795. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.5.E786
- Reed HL, Silverman ED, Shakir KM, Dons R, Burman KD, O’Brian JT. 1990b. Changes in serum triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics after prolonged antarctic residence: the polar T3 syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 70(4):965–974. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-4-965
- Santi D, Spaggiari G, Brigante G, Setti M, Tagliavini S, Trenti T, Simoni M. 2019. Semi-annual seasonal pattern of serum thyrotropin in adults. Sci Rep. 9(1):10786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47349-4
- Sarne D. 2016. Effects of the environment, chemicals and drugs on thyroid function. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, et al., editors. Endotext. Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. PMID: 25905415. Bookshelf ID: NBK285560
- Sato M, Kanikowska D, Sugenoya J, Inukai Y, Shimizu Y, Nishimura N, Iwase S. 2011. Effects of aging on thermoregulatory responses and hormonal changes in humans during the four seasons in Japan. Int J Biometeorol. 55(2):229–234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0328-y
- Sawhney RC, Malhotra AS. 1990. Thyroid function during intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Int J Biometeorol. 343:161–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048714
- Sharma S, Hashmi MF, Rawat D. 2019. Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). In: StatPearls. Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan. PMID: 29630271. Bookshelf ID: NBK493219
- Simonides WS, Mulcahey MA, Redout EM, Muller A, Zuidwijk MJ, Visser TJ, Wassen FWJS, Crescenzi A, da-Silva WS, Harney J, et al. 2008. Hypoxia-inducible factor induces local thyroid hormone inactivation during hypoxic-ischemic disease in rats. J Clin Invest. 1183:975–983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI32824
- Smals AG, Ross HA, Kloppenborg PW. 1977. Seasonal variation in serum T3 and T4 levels in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 44(5):998–1001. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-44-5-998
- Song Q, Chen X, Su Y, Xie Z, Wang S, Cui B. 2019. Age and gender specific thyroid hormones and their relationships with body mass index in a large Chinese population. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 17(1):e66450. doi:https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.66450
- Surks MI. 1969. Effect of thyrotropin on thyroidal iodine metabolism during hypoxia. Am J Physiol. 216(2):436–439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.216.2.436
- Th J P, J C VH, Saat G, Willems CJ. 1974. A radioimmunoassay study and comparison of seasonal variation in plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in normal healthy persons. Clin Chim Acta. 50:189–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(74)90366-0
- Urone PP, Hinrichs R 2012. College physics. OpenStax. USA: Rice University. https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:AwNH6fEo@12/13-6-Humidity-Evaporation-and-Boiling
- WangD, Cheng X, Yu S, Qiu L, Lian X, Guo X, Hu Y, Lu S, Yang G, Liu H. 2018. Data mining: seasonal and temperature fluctuations in thyroid-stimulating hormone. Clin Biochem. 60:59–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.08.008
- Wang D, Yu S, Ma C, Li H, Qiu L, Cheng X, Guo X, Yin Y, Li D, Wang Z, et al. 2019. Reference intervals for thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine in elderly Chinese persons. Clin Chem Lab Med. 57(7):1044–1052. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-1099
- Wehr TA. 2001. Photoperiodism in humans and other primates: evidence and implications. J Biol Rhythms. 16(4):348–364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/074873001129002060
- World Meteorological Organization. 2010. Manual on the global data-processing and forecasting system. Volume 1-global aspects. Geneva; p. III.4–1.ISBN 978-92-63-40485-5.