References
- Alanärä A, Brännäs E. 1997. Diurnal and nocturnal feeding activity in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can J Fish Aqua Sci. 54:2894–2900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/f97-187
- Anras MLB, Lagardére JP, Lafaye JY. 1997. Diel activity rhythm of seabass tracked in a natural environment: group effects on swimming patterns and amplitudes. Can J Fish Aqua Sci. 54:162–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-253
- Aschoff J. 1960. Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol. 25:11–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/SQB.1960.025.01.004
- Aschoff J. 1979. Circadian rhythms: influences of internal and external factors on the period measured in constant conditions. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 49:225–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00290.x
- Chen W, Naruse M, Tabata M. 2002. Circadian rhythms and individual variability of self‐feeding activity in groups of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquac Res. 33:491–500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00734.x
- Clayton DA. 1978. Social facilitated behavior. Q Rev Biol. 53:373–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/410789
- Crawford MP. 1939. The social psychology of the vertebrates. Psychol Bull. 36:407–446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0056268
- Godin JGJ. 1981. Circadian rhythm of swimming activity in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Mar Biol. 64:341–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393635
- Goudie CA, Davis KB, Simco BA. 1983. Influence of the eyes and pineal gland on locomotor activity patterns of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Physiol Zool. 56:10–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.56.1.30159960
- Gupta S, Pati AK. 1992. Data analysis methodology in chronobiological studies. J Parasitol Appl Anim Bio. 1:151–163.
- Jolles JW, Fleetwood-Wilson A, Nakayama S, Stumpe MC, Johnstone RA, Manica A. 2015. The role of social attraction and its link with boldness in the collective movements of three-spined sticklebacks. Anim Behav. 99:147–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.11.004
- Kasai M, Kiyohara S. 2010. Food- and light-entrainable oscillators control feeding and locomotor activity rhythms, respectively, in the Japanese catfish, Plotosus japonicus. J Comp Physiol A. 196:901–912. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-010-0572-y
- Kasai M, Yamamoto T, Shichida M, Kitasako K, Kiyohara S. 2009. Circadian locomotor activity in Japanese sea catfish Plotosus lineatus. Fisheries Sci. 75:81–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-008-0001-0
- Kavaliers M. 1980a. Social groupings and circadian activity of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Biol Bull. 158:69–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1540759
- Kavaliers M. 1980b. Circadian locomotor activity rhythms of the burbot, Lota lota: seasonal differences in period length and the effect of pinealectomy. J Comp Physiol. 136:215–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00657535
- Kavaliers M. 1980c. Circadian activity of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni: comparison of individual and shoaling fish. Can J Zool. 58:1399–1403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/z80-192
- Kavaliers M. 1989. Day-night rhythms of shoaling behavior in goldfish: opioid and pineal involvement. Physiol Behav. 46:167–172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(89)90250-3
- Krause J, Butlin RK, Peuhkuri N, Pritchard VL. 2000. The social organization of fish shoals: a test of the predictive power of laboratory experiments for the field. Biol Rev. 75:477–501. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2000.tb00052.x
- Krause J, Ruxton GD. 2002. Living in groups. Oxford series in ecology and evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Magurran AE. 1990. The adaptive significance of schooling as an anti-predator defence in fish. Ann Zol Fennici. 27:51–66.
- Magurran AE, Pitcher TJ. 1983. Foraging, timidity and shoal size in minnows and goldfish. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 12:147–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00343206
- Mrosovsky N. 1999. Masking, history, definitions, and measurements. Chronobiol Int. 16:415–429. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420529908998717
- National Research Council. 1996. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 7th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
- Nelson W, Tong YL, Lee JK, Halberg F. 1979. Methods for Cosinor-rhythmometry. Chronobiologia. 6:305–323.
- Paciorek T, McRobert S. 2012. Daily variation in the shoaling behavior of zebrafish Danio rerio. Curr Zool. 58:1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.1.129
- Pavlov DS, Kasumyan AO. 2000. Patterns and mechanisms of schooling behaviour in fish: a Review. J Ichthyol. 4:S163–S231.
- Pitcher TJ. 1998. Shoaling and shoaling behaviour in fishes. In: Comparative Psychology: a Handbook. New York: Garland. p. 748–760.
- Pitcher TJ, Magurran AE, Winfield IJ. 1982. Fish in larger shoals find food faster. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 10:149–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300175
- Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y. 2010. Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol Int. 27:1911–1929. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2010.516381
- Ramteke AK, Poddar P, Pati AK. 2009. Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in Indian walking catfish, Clarias batrachus. Biol Rhythm Res. 40:201–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09291010802069169
- Reebs SG. 2002. Plasticity of diel and circadian activity rhythms in fishes. Rev Fish Biol. 12:349–371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025371804611
- Ryer H, Olla B. 1998. Effect of light on juvenile Walleye Pollock shoaling and their interaction with predators. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 167:215–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.3354/meps167215
- Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Madrid JA, Zamora S, Iigo M, Tabata M. 1996. Demand-feeding and locomotor circadian rhythms in the goldfish, Carassius auratus: dual and independent phasing. Physiol Behav. 60:665–674. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(96)80046-1
- Scaglione MC, Cerutti RD, Arfuso F, Piccione G. 2018. Light and dark rations and the photic entrainment of circadian locomotor activity patterns in the South American silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen, Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Biol Rhythm Res. 49:129–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2017.1336881
- Snekser JL, Ruhl N, Bauer K, McRobert SP. 2010. The influence of sex and phenotype on shoaling decisions in zebrafish. Int J Comp Psychol. 23:70–81.
- Tabata M, Minh-Nyo M, Niwa H, Oguri M. 1989. Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in a teleost, Silurus asotus. Zool Sci. 6:367–375.
- Tabata M, Minh-Nyo M, Oguri M. 1988. Involvement of retinal and extraretinal photoreceptors in the mediation of nocturnal locomotor activity rhythms in the catfish, Silurus asotus. Exp Biol. 47:219–225.
- Thetmeyer H. 1997. Diel rhythms of swimming activity and oxygen consumption in Gobiusculus flavescens (Fabricius) and Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas) (Teleostei, Gobiidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 218:187–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00073-7
- Varghese E, Pati AK. 1997. Measurement of spatial distribution to gauge behavioural thermoregulatory status in a small colony of ectothermic air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus. Indian J Exp Biol. 35:250–255.
- Vera LM, Al-Khamees S, Hervé M. 2011. Stocking density affects circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Chronobiol Int. 28:751–757. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.606388