A more accurate assessment of circadian typology is achieved by asking persons to indicate their preferred times rather than comparing themselves with most people

References

• Adan A, Almirall H. 1991. Horne & Östberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire: a reduced scale. Pers Individ Differ. 12:241–253. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90110-W.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. 2012. Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int. 29:1153–1175. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.719971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adan A, Natale V. 2002. Gender differences in morningness–eveningness preference. Chronobiol Int. 19:709–720. doi:10.1081/CBI-120005390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohle P, Tilley AJ, Brown S. 2001. Psychometric evaluation of the Early/Late Preference Scale. Ergonomics. 44:887–900. doi:10.1080/00140130110064694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caci H, Adan A, Bohle P, Natale V, Pornpitakpan C, Tilley A. 2005. Transcultural properties of the composite scale of morningness: the relevance of the “morning affect” factor. Chronobiol Int. 22:523–540. doi:10.1081/CBI-200062401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelminski I, Ferraro FR, Petros T, Plaud JJ. 1997. Horne and Östberg questionnaire: a score distribution in a large sample of young adults. Pers Individ Differ. 23:647–652. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00073-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman MY, Cain SW. 2019. Eveningness is associated with greater subjective cognitive impairment in individuals with self-reported symptoms of unipolar depression. J Affec Disord. 256:404–415. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa A, Ruiz-Herrera N, Ruz M, Tonetti L, Martoni M, Fabbri M, Natale V. 2017. Economic decision-making in morning/evening-type people as a function of time of day. Chronobiol Int. 34:139–147. doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1246455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Milia L, Adan A, Natale V, Randler C. 2013. Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures. Chronobiol Int. 30:1261–1271. doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.817415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosseville F, Laborde S, Lericollais R. 2013. Validation of a chronotype questionnaire including an amplitude dimension. Chronobiol Int. 30:639–648. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.763042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer D, Lombardi DA. 2022. Chronotypes in the US: influence of longitude position in a time zone. Chronobiol Int. 39:460–464. doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.2002889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood KM. 1994. Long-term stability and psychometric properties of the Composite Scale of Morningness. Ergonomics. 37:377–383. doi:10.1080/00140139408963653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne JA, Östberg O. 1976. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 4:97–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerkhof GA. 1998. The 24-hour variation of mood differ between morning- and evening-type individuals. Percept Mot Skills. 86:264–266. doi:10.2466/pms.1998.86.1.264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkhof GA, van Dongen HP. 1996. Morning-type and evening-type individuals differ in the phase position of their endogenous circadian oscillator. Neurosci Lett. 218:153–156. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(96)13140-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Kim SJ. 2020. Psychometric properties of questionnaires for assessing chronotype. Chronobiol Med. 2:16–20. doi:10.33069/cim.2020.0003.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen RJ. 1985. Individual differences in circadian activity rhythm and personality. Pers Individ Differ. 6:305–311. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90054-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minervini MM, Leone D, Di Benedetta C, Montrone S, Ambrosi L, Amico P, Di Pietro G, Misigna G, Tamborrino B. 1980. Caratteristiche individuali e ritmi biologici. Nota 2: modificazione del questionario e dei punteggi utilizzato per la tipizzazione di mattinieri e serotini. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. LVI:2097–2103.
   Google Scholar
• Morin LP, Fitzgerald KM, Zucker I. 1977. Estradiol shortens the period of hamster circadian rhythms. Sci. 196:305–307. doi:10.1126/science.557840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale V. 1999. Validazione di una scala ridotta di Mattutinià (rMEQ). Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata. 229:19–26.
   Google Scholar
• Natale V, Adan A, Fabbri M. 2009. Season of birth, gender, and social-cultural effects on sleep timing preferences in humans. Sleep. 32:423–426. doi:10.1093/sleep/32.3.423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale V, Cicogna PC. 1996. Circadian regulation of subjective alertness in morning and evening ‘types’. Pers Individ Differ. 20:491–497. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00213-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale V, Cicogna PC. 2002. Morningness-eveningness dimension: Is it really a continuum? Pers Individ Differ. 32:809–816. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00085-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale V, Esposito MJ, Martoni M, Fabbri M. 2006. Validity of the reduced version of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 4:72–74. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00192.x.
   Google Scholar
• Neubauer AC. 1992. Psychometric comparison of two circadian questionnaires and their relationship with personality. Pers Individ Differ. 13:125–131. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90035-N.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öquist O 1970. Kartlaggning av individuella dygnsrytmer [ thesis]. Goteborg (Sweden): University of Goteborg.
   Google Scholar
• Östberg O. 1973a. Circadian rhythms of food intake and oral temperature in ‘morning’ and ‘ evening’ groups of individuals. Ergonomics. 16:203–209. doi:10.1080/00140137308924497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Östberg O. 1973b. Interindividual differences in circadian fatigue patterns of shift workers. Br J Ind Med. 30:341–351. doi:10.1136/oem.30.4.341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paciello LM, Quante M, Weidenauer C, Rueschman M, Nieratschker V, Poets CF, Randler C. 2022. Validity of chronotype questionnaires in adolescents: correlations with actigraphy. J Sleep Res. 31:e13576. doi:10.1111/jsr.13576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posey TB, Ford JA. 1981. The morningness-eveningness preference of college students as measured by the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire. Int J Chronobiol. 7:141–144.
   Google Scholar
• Randler C, Díaz-Morales JF, Rahafar A, Vollmer C. 2016. Morningness–eveningness and amplitude – development and validation of an improved composite scale to measure circadian preference and stability (MESSi). Chronobiol Int. 33:832–848. doi:10.3109/07420528.2016.1171233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randler C, Engelke J. 2019. Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: a meta-analysis based on morningness/chronotype questionnaires. Chronobiol Int. 36:888–905. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1585867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, Merrow M. 2004. A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 14:R1038–R1039. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kumar CJ, Merrow M. 2007. The human circadian clock entrains to sun time. Curr Biol. 17:R44–R45. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. 2003. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms. 18:80–90. doi:10.1177/0748730402239679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CS, Folkard S, Schmieder RA, Parra LF, Spelten E, Almiral H, Sen RN, Sahu S, Perez LM, Tisak J. 2002. Investigation of morning–evening orientation in six countries using the preferences scale. Pers Individ Differ. 32:949–968. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00098-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CS, Reilly C, Midkiff K. 1989. Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. J Appl Psychol. 74:728–738. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thun E, Bjorvatn B, Osland T, Steen VM, Sivertsen B, Johansen T, Lilleholt TH, Udnes I, Nordhus IH, Pallesen S. 2012. An actigraphy validation study of seven morningness-eveningness inventories. Eur Psychol. 17:222–230. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonetti L, Andreose A, Bacaro V, Giovagnoli S, Grimaldi S, Natale V, Crocetti E. 2023. External validity of the reduced morningness–eveningness questionnaire for children and adolescents: an actigraphic study. J Sleep Res. e13948. doi:10.1111/jsr.13948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonetti L, Natale V. 2019. Discrimination between extreme chronotypes using the full and reduced version of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. Chronobiol Int. 36:181–187. doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1525392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavada A, Gordijn MCM, Beersma DGM, Daan S, Roenneberg T. 2005. Comparison of the Munich chronotype questionnaire with the Horne-Östberg’s morningness-eveningness score. Chronobiol Int. 22:267–278. doi:10.1081/CBI-200053536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zickar MJ, Russel SS, Smith CS, Bohle P, Tilley AJ. 2002. Evaluating two morningness scale with item response theory. Pers Individ Differ. 33:11–24. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00131-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar