Circadian rhythm in sportspersons and athletic performance: A mini review

References

• Ammar A, Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Trabelsi K, Chiboub J, Turki M, AbdelKarim O, El Abed K, Ben Ali M, Hoekelmann A, et al. 2015. Acute and delayed responses of C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde and antioxidant markers after resistance training session in elite weightlifters: effect of time of day. Chronobiol Int. 32:1211–1222. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1079215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, Padulo J, Turki M, El Abed K, Hoekelmann A, Hakim A. 2015. Temporal specificity of training: intra-day effects on biochemical responses and Olympic-Weightlifting performances. J Sports Sci. 33:358–368. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.944559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson A, Murray G, Herlihy M, Weiss C, King J, Hutchinson E, Albert N, Ingram KK. 2018. Circadian effects on performance and effort in collegiate swimmers. J Circadian Rhythms. 16:8. doi: 10.5334/jcr.165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkinson G, Jones H, Edwards BJ, Waterhouse JM. 2005. Effects of daytime ingestion of melatonin on short-term athletic performance. Ergonomics. 48:1512–1522. doi: 10.1080/00140130500100967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala V, Martínez-Bebia M, Latorre JA, Gimenez-Blasi N, Jimenez-Casquet MJ, Conde-Pipo J, Bach-Faig A, Mariscal-Arcas M. 2021. Influence of circadian rhythms on sports performance. Chronobiol Int. 38:1522–1536. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1933003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahenský P, Bunc V, Tlustý P, Grosicki GJ. 2020. Effect of an eleven-day altitude training program on aerobic and anaerobic performance in adolescent runners. Med (Kaunas). 56:184. doi: 10.3390/medicina56040184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellastella G, De Bellis A, Maiorino MI, Paglionico VA, Esposito K, Bellastella A. 2019. Endocrine rhythms and sport: It is time to take time into account. J Endocrinol Invest. 42:1137–1147. doi: 10.1007/s40618-019-01038-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggins M, Purtill H, Fowler P, Bender A, Sullivan KO, Samuels C, Cahalan R. 2019. Sleep in elite multi-sport athletes: implications for athlete health and wellbeing. Phys Ther Sport. 39:136–142. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohner JD, Hoffman JR, McCormack W, Scanlon TC, Townsend JR, Stout JR, Fragala MS, Fukuda DH. 2015. Moderate altitude affects high intensity running performance in a collegiate women’s soccer game. J Hum Kinet. 47:147–154. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borbély AA. 1982. A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol. 1:195–204. PMID:7185792.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Botonis PG, Koutouvakis N, Toubekis AG. 2021. The impact of daytime napping on athletic performance–a narrative review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 31:2164–2177. doi: 10.1111/sms.14060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouget M, Rouveix M, Michaux O, Pequignot JM, Filaire E. 2006. Relationships among training stress, mood and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate/cortisol ratio in female cyclists. J Sports Sci. 24:1297–1302. doi: 10.1080/02640410500497790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown FM, Neft EE, LaJambe CM. 2008. Collegiate rowing crew performance varies by morningness-eveningness. J Strength Cond Res. 22:1894–1900. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318187534c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buman MP, Phillips BA, Youngstedt SD, Kline CE, Hirshkowitz M. 2014. Does nighttime exercise really disturb sleep? Results from the 2013 national sleep foundation sleep in America poll. Sleep Med. 15:755–761. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke TM, Lisman PJ, Maguire K, Skeiky L, Choynowski JJ, Capaldi VF, Wilder JN, Brager AJ, Dobrosielski DA. 2020. Examination of sleep and injury among college football athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 34:609–616. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouachi A, Leiper JB, Chtourou H, Aziz AR, Chamari K. 2012. The effects of ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness. J Sports Sci. 30:S53–S73. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.698297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Q, Lu C, Qian R. 2022. The circadian clock regulates metabolic responses to physical exercise. Chronobiol Int. 39:907–917. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2050384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chennaoui M, Vanneau T, Trignol A, Arnal P, Gomez-Merino D, Baudot C, Perez J, Pochettino S, Eirale C, Chalabi H. 2021. How does sleep help recovery from exercise-induced muscle injuries? J Sci Med Sport. 24:982–987. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin CY, Chow GCC, Hung KC, Kam LH, Chan KC, Mok YT, Cheng NM. 2015. The diurnal variation on cardiovascular endurance performance of secondary school athlete student. Asian J Sports Med. 6:e22697. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.6(2)2015.22697.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chtourou H, Aloui A, Hammouda O, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Souissi N. 2013. Effect of static and dynamic stretching on the diurnal variations of jump performance in soccer players. PLoS One. 8:e70534. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chtourou H, Chaouachi A, Driss T, Dogui M, Behm DG, Chamari K, Souissi N. 2012. The effect of training at the same time of day and tapering period on the diurnal variation of short exercise performances. J Strength Cond Res. 26:697–708. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182281c87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chtourou H, Zarrouk N, Chaouachi A, Dogui M, Behm DG, Chamari K, Hug F, Souissi N. 2011. Diurnal variation in Wingate-test performance and associated electromyographic parameters. Chronobiol Int. 28:706–713. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2011.596295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook JD, Charest J. 2023. Sleep and performance in professional athletes. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 9:56–81. doi: 10.1007/s40675-022-00243-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Crewther BT, Beaven M, West DJ. 2014. Morning-based strength training improves afternoon physical performance in rugby union players. J Sci Med Sport. 17:317–321. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.04.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel JD, Kenneth SG, Chin Moi C. 2010. The effect of prior endurance training on nap sleep patterns. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 5:87–97. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.5.1.87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenne D. 2009. Sleep of athletes–problems and possible solutions. Biol Rhythm Res. 40:45–52. doi: 10.1080/09291010802067023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deboer T. 2018. Sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock: do the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat influence each other’s functioning? Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms. 5:68–77. doi: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.02.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Díaz MM, Bocanegra OL, Teixeira RR, Tavares M, Soares SS, Espindola FS. 2013. The relationship between the cortisol awakening response, mood states, and performance. J Strength Cond Res. 27:1340–1348. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318267a612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Cagno A, Battaglia C, Giombini A, Piazza M, Fiorilli G, Calcagno G, Pigozzi P, Borrione P. 2013. Time of day–effects on motor coordination and reactive strength in elite athletes and untrained adolescents. J Sports Sci Med. 12:182–189. PMID: 24149743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Cagno AD, Fiorilli G, Iuliano E, Aquino G, Giombini A, Battaglia C, Piazza M, Tsopani D, Calcagno G. 2014. Time-of-day effects on static and dynamic balance in elite junior athletes and untrained adolescents. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 9:615–625. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.9.4.615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doan BK, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ, Kwon YH, Scheet TP. 2007. Salivary cortisol, testosterone, and T/C ratio responses during a 36-hole golf competition. Int J Sports Med. 28:470–479. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty R, Madigan S, Warrington G, Ellis J. 2019. Sleep and nutrition interactions: implications for athletes. Nutrients. 11:822. doi: 10.3390/nu11040822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drust B, Waterhouse J, Atkinson G, Edwards B, Reilly T. 2005. Circadian rhythms in sports performance—an update. Chronobiol Int. 22:21–44. doi: 10.1081/CBI-200041039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagles AN, Lovell DI. 2016. Changes in sleep quantity and efficiency in professional rugby union players during home-based training and match play. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 56:565–571. PMID: 27285344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards B, Waterhouse J, Atkinson G, Reilly T. 2007. Effects of time of day and distance upon accuracy and consistency of throwing darts. J Sports Sci. 25:1531–1538. doi: 10.1080/02640410701244975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facer-Childs ER, Boiling S, Balanos GM. 2018. The effects of time of day and chronotype on cognitive and physical performance in healthy volunteers. Sport Med Open. 4:1–12. doi: 10.1186/s40798-018-0162-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Facer-Childs E, Brandstaetter R. 2015a. Circadian phenotype composition is a major predictor of diurnal physical performance in teams. Front Neurol. 6:208. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facer-Childs E, Brandstaetter R. 2015b. The impact of circadian phenotype and time since awakening on diurnal performance in athletes. Curr Biol. 25:518–522. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes AL, Lopes-Silva JP, Bertuzzi R, Casarini DE, Arita DY, Bishop DJ, Lima-Silva AE. 2014. Effect of time of day on performance, hormonal and metabolic response during a 1000-M cycling time trial. PloS ONE. 9:e109954. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filaire E, Massart A, Hua J, Scanff CL. 2015. Dietary intake, eating behaviors, and diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase secretion among professional young adult female tennis players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 25:233–242. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filardi M, Morini S, Plazzi G. 2020. Pre-Race sleep management strategy and chronotype of offshore solo sailors. Nat Sci Sleep. 12:263–269. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S241162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas LD, da Silva FR, de Araújo Andrade H, Guerreiro RC, Paulo FV, de Mello MT, Silva A. 2020. Sleep debt induces skeletal muscle injuries in athletes: a promising hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 142:109836. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaina A, Sekine M, Kanayama H, Takashi Y, Hu L, Sengoku K, Kagamimori S. 2006. Morning‐evening preference: sleep pattern spectrum and lifestyle habits among Japanese junior high school pupils. Chronobiol Int. 23:607–621. doi: 10.1080/07420520600650646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgopoulos NA, Rottstein L, Tsekouras A, Theodoropoulou A, Koukkou E, Mylonas P, Polykarpou G, Lampropoulou E, Lconomou G, Legise M, et al. 2011. Abolished circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in elite artistic gymnasts. Steroids. 76:353–357. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghattassi K, Hammouda O, Graja A, Boudhina N, Chtourou H, Hadhri S, Driss T, Souissi N. 2016. Morning melatonin ingestion and diurnal variation of short-term maximal performances in soccer players. Acta Physiol Hung. 103:94–104. doi: 10.1556/036.103.2016.1.9.
   Google Scholar
• Gratwicke M, Miles KH, Pyne DB, Pumpa KL, Clark B. 2021. Nutritional interventions to improve sleep in team-sport athletes: a narrative review. Nutrients. 13:1586. doi: 10.3390/nu13051586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo JH, Qu WM, Chen SG, Chen XP, Lv K, Huang ZL, Wu YL. 2014. Keeping the right time in space: importance of circadian clock and sleep for physiology and performance of astronauts. Mil Med Res. 1:1–7. doi: 10.1186/2054-9369-1-23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta O 2008. Physiological rhythms and performance among sports persons [ Ph.D. Thesis]. Raipur, India: Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta L, Morgan K, Gilchrist S. 2017. Does elite sport degrade sleep quality? A systematic review. Sports Med. 47:1317–1333. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0650-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakoumi A. 2016. Sport et Ramadan Influence sur la performance en endurance. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin & Sporttraumatologie. 64:37–40.
   Google Scholar
• Hammouda O, Chtourou H, Chahed H, Ferchichi S, Kallel C, Miled A, Chamari K, Souissi N. 2011. Diurnal variations of plasma homocysteine, total antioxidant status, and biological markers of muscle injury during repeated sprint: Effect on performance and muscle fatigue—a pilot study. Chronobiol Int. 28:958–967. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2011.613683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes LD, Bickerstaff GF, Baker JS. 2010. Interactions of cortisol, testosterone, and resistance training: Influence of circadian rhythms. Chronobiol Int. 27:675–705. doi: 10.3109/07420521003778773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinbaugh EM, Smith DT, Zhu Q, Wilson MA, Dai B. 2015. The effect of time-of-day on static and dynamic balance in recreational athletes. Sports Biomech. 14:361–373. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2015.1084036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henst RH, Jaspers RT, Roden LC, Rae DE. 2015. A chronotype comparison of South African and Dutch marathon runners: the role of scheduled race start times and effects on performance. Chronobiol Int. 32:858–868. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1048870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson RM, Clapp EL, Watson P, Maughan RJ. 2009. Exercise capacity in the heat is greater in the morning than in the evening in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 41:174–180. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844e63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguet G, Touitou Y, Reinberg A. 1997. Morning versus afternoon gymnastic time and diurnal and seasonal changes in psychophysiological variables of school children. Chronobiol Int. 14:371–384. doi: 10.3109/07420529709001458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irandoust K, Taheri M, Chtourou H, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. 2019. Effect of time-of-day exercise in group settings on level of mood and depression of former elite male athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16:3541. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16193541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones H, George K, Edwards B, Atkinson G. 2009. Effects of time of day on post‐exercise blood pressure: circadian or sleep‐related influences? Chronobiol Int. 25:987–998. doi: 10.1080/07420520802548044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalaiselvi M 2009. Interplay of Circadian rhythms on selected motor ability components physiological and psychological variables among higher secondary school athletes [ Ph.D. Thesis]. Tamil Nadu, India: Alagappa University.
   Google Scholar
• Kantermann T, Forstner S, Halle M, Schlangen L, Roenneberg T, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. 2012. The stimulating effect of bright light on physical performance depends on internal time. PLoS One. 7:e40655. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentiba E, Legesse K, Mandal S, Gebrehiwot A, Tesfay A, Alemayehu M, Kebede R, George M. 2020. Relationship between chronotype preference and choice of sport participation and time of day of training: Insights gained from the ninth all African university game players. Chronobiol Int. 37:1748–1753. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1803904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Kalman D, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, et al. 2017. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 14:33. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalladi K, Farooq A, Souissi S, Herrera CP, Chamari K, Taylor L, El Massioui F. 2019. Inter-relationship between sleep quality, insomnia and sleep disorders in professional soccer players. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 5:e000498. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000498.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klier K, Dörr S, Schmidt A. 2021. High sleep quality can increase the performance of CrossFit® athletes in highly technical- and cognitive-demanding categories. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 13:1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00365-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline CE, Durstine JL, Davis JM, Moore TA, Devlin TM, Zielinski MR, Youngstedt SD. 2007. Circadian variation in swim performance. J Appl Physiol. 102:641–649. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00910.2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloby Nielsen LL, Tandrup Lambert MN, Jeppesen PB. 2020. The effect of ingesting carbohydrates and proteins on athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 12:1483. doi: 10.3390/nu12051483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knaier R, Infanger D, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksaess A, Faude O, Roth R. 2019. Diurnal and day-to-day variations in isometric and isokinetic strength. Chronobiol Int. 36:1537–1549. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1658596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaier R, Infanger D, Niemeyer M, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. 2019. In athletes, the diurnal variations in maximum oxygen uptake are more than twice as large as the day-to-day variations. Front Physiol. 10:219. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaier R, Meister S, Aeschbacher T, Gemperle D, Rossmeissl A, Cajochen C, Schmidt‐Trucksäss A. 2016. Dose-response relationship between light exposure and cycling performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 26:794–801. doi: 10.1111/sms.12535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaier R, Qian J, Roth R, Infanger D, Notter T, Wang W, Cajochen C, Scheer FA. 2022. Diurnal variation in maximum endurance and maximum strength performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 54:169–180. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knufinke M, Nieuwenhuys A, Maase K, Moen MH, Geurts SA, Coenen AM, Kompier MA. 2018. Effects of natural between-days variation in sleep on elite athletes’ psychomotor vigilance and sport-specific measures of performance. J Sports Sci Med. 17:515–524. PMID: 30479518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi M, Takahashi M, Endo N, Numao S, Takagi S, Miyashita M, Midorikawa T, Suzuki K, Sakamoto S. 2013. Effects of sleep deprivation on autonomic and endocrine functions throughout the day and on exercise tolerance in the evening. J Sports Sci. 31:248–255. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.733824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer WJ, Loebel CC, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Newton RU, Wickham RB, Gotshalk LA, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Gómez AL, et al. 2001. The effect of heavy resistance exercise on the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone in men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 84:13–18. doi: 10.1007/s004210000322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunorozva L, Roden LC, Rae DE. 2014. Perception of effort in morning-type cyclists is lower when exercising in the morning. J Sports Sci. 32:917–925. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.873139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunorozva L, Stephenson KJ, Rae DE, Roden LC. 2012. Chronotype and PERIOD3 variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in individual sports athletes. Chronobiol Int. 29:1004–1010. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2012.719966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusumoto H, Ta C, Brown SM, Mulcahey MK. 2021. Factors contributing to diurnal variation in athletic performance and methods to reduce within-day performance variation: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 35:S119–S135. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YH, Choi YW, Nam SH, Lee MH. 2014. The influence of time of day on static and dynamic postural control in normal adults. J Phys Ther Sci. 26:409–412. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labsy Z, Prieur F, Le Panse B, Do MC, Gagey O, Lasne F, Collomp K. 2013. The diurnal patterns of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to intense aerobic exercise in recreationally trained soccer players. Stress. 16:261–265. doi: 10.3109/10253890.2012.707259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastella M, Halson SL, Vitale JA, Memon AR, Vincent GE. 2021. To nap or not to nap? A systematic review evaluating napping behavior in athletes and the impact on various measures of athletic performance. Nat Sci Sleep. 13:841–862. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S315556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastella M, Lovell GP, Sargent C. 2014. Athletes’ precompetitive sleep behaviour and its relationship with subsequent precompetitive mood and performance. Eur J Sport Sci. 14:S123–S130. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.660505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastella M, Roach GD, Halson SL, Martin DT, West NP, Sargent C. 2015a. The impact of a simulated grand tour on sleep, mood, and well-being of competitive cyclists. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 55:1555–1564. PMID: 25286890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastella M, Roach GD, Halson SL, Martin DT, West NP, Sargent C. 2015b. Sleep/Wake behaviour of endurance cyclists before and during competition. J Sports Sci. 33:293–299. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.942690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastella M, Roach GD, Halson SL, Sargent C. 2016. The chronotype of elite athletes. J Hum Kinet. 54:219–225. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastella, M., Roach GD., Hurem DC., Sargent C. 2010. Does chronotype affect elite athletes’ capacity to cope with the training demands of elite triathlon? Living in a. 24:25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Lee S, Bonnar D, Roane B, Gradisar M, Dunican IC, Lastella M, Maisey G, Suh S. 2021. Sleep characteristics and mood of professional esports athletes: a multi-national study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18:664. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Galvez JC. 2012. Jet lag in athletes. Sports health: a multidisciplinary approach. Sports Health. 4:211–216. doi: 10.1177/1941738112442340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee H, Kim S, Kim D. 2014. Effects of exercise with or without light exposure on sleep quality and hormone responses. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 18:293–299. doi: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.3.293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemmer B, Kern RI, Nold G, Lohrer H. 2002. Jet lag in athletes after eastward and westward time-zone transition. Chronobiol Int. 19:743–764. doi: 10.1081/CBI-120005391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardo-Mendonça RC, Martinez-Nicolas A, de Teresa Galván C, Ocaña-Wilhelmi J, Rusanova I, Guerra-Hernández E, Escames G, Acuña-Castroviejo D. 2015. The benefits of four weeks of melatonin treatment on circadian patterns in resistance-trained athletes. Chronobiol Int. 32:1125–1134. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1069830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lericollais R, Gauthier A, Bessot N, Davenne D. 2011. Diurnal evolution of cycling biomechanical parameters during a 60‐s wingate test. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 21:e106–e114. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01172.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lericollais R, Gauthier A, Bessot N, Sesboüé B, Davenne D. 2009. Time-of-day effects on fatigue during a sustained anaerobic test in well-trained cyclists. Chronobiol Int. 26:1622–1635. doi: 10.3109/07420520903534492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim ST, Kim DY, Kwon HT, Lee E. 2021. Sleep quality and athletic performance according to chronotype. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 13:1–7. doi: 10.1186/s13102-020-00228-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, De Vita F, Salvagno GL, Gelati M, Montagnana M, Guidi GC. 2009. Measurement of morning saliva cortisol in athletes. Clin Biochem. 42:904–906. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok R, Zerbini G, Gordijn MC, Beersma DG, Hut RA. 2020. Gold, silver, or bronze: circadian variation strongly affects performance in Olympic athletes. Sci Rep. 10:1–6. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72573-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mah CD, Mah KE, Kezirian EJ, Dement WC. 2011. The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep. 34:943–950. doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malsagova KA, Kopylov AT, Sinitsyna AA, Stepanov AA, Izotov AA, Butkova TV, Chingin K, Klyuchnikov MS, Kaysheva AL. 2021. Sports nutrition: diets, selection factors, recommendations. Nutrients. 13:3771. doi: 10.3390/nu13113771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini R, Manfredini F, Fersini C, Conconi F. 1998. Circadian rhythms, athletic performance, and jet lag. Brit J Sport Med. 32:101–106. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.32.2.101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manore M, Barr S, Butterfield G. 2000. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32:2130–2145. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews RW, Ferguson SA, Zhou X, Sargent C, Darwent D, Kennaway DJ, Roach GD. 2012. Time-of-day mediates the influences of extended wake and sleep restriction on simulated driving. Chronobiol Int. 29:572–579. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2012.675845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mello MT, Simim MA, Narciso FV, Rosa JP, Rodrigues DF, Freitas LD, Bichara JJ, Pereira SR, Silva SC, Tufik S, et al. 2020. Duration and quality of sleep in sprint and recovery performances among elite swimmers. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 26:126–129. doi: 10.1590/1517-869220202602220003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles KH, Clark B, Fowler PM, Miller J, Pumpa KL. 2022. What are the sleep characteristics of elite female athletes? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Biol Sport. 39:751–763. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.108705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milewski MD, Skaggs DL, Bishop GA, Pace JL, Ibrahim DA, Wren TA, Barzdukas A. 2014. Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes. J Pediatr Orthop. 34:129–133. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobari H, Azarian S, Saedmocheshi S, Valdés-Badilla P, Calvo TG. 2023. Narrative review: the role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes. Heliyon. 9:e19636. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos E, Muir C, Russell C, Timmons BW, Falk B, Klentrou P. 2014. Markers of biological stress and mucosal immunity during a week leading to competition in adolescent swimmers. J Immunol Res. 2014:234565. doi: 10.1155/2014/234565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanikolaou DD, Astara K, Vavougios GD, Daniil Z, Gourgoulianis KI, Stavrou VT. 2022. Elements of sleep breathing and sleep-deprivation physiology in the context of athletic performance. J Pers Med. 12:383–393. doi: 10.3390/jpm12030383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park HY, Hwang H, Park J, Lee S, Lim K. 2016. The effects of altitude/hypoxic training on oxygen delivery capacity of the blood and aerobic exercise capacity in elite athletes–a meta-analysis. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 20:15–22. doi: 10.20463/jenb.2016.03.20.1.3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel H 2011. Study of circadian rhythm in heart rate, physical activity, activity intensity and energy expenditure of sports persons [ Ph.D. Thesis]. Raipur, India: Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University.
   Google Scholar
• Pati AK. 2001. Chronobiology: the dimension of time in biology and medicine. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad Part B. 67:323–372.
   Google Scholar
• Petit E, Bourdin H, Mougin F, Tio G, Haffen E. 2013. Time-of-day effects on psychomotor and physical performances in highly trained cyclists. Percept Mot Skills. 117:376–388. doi: 10.2466/30.25.PMS.117x23z0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit E, Mougin F, Bourdin H, Tio G, Haffen E. 2014. Impact of 5-h phase advance on sleep architecture and physical performance in athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 39:1230–1236. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poussel M, Laure P, Genest J, Fronzaroli E, Renaud P, Favre A, Chenuel B. 2014. Sleep and academic performance in young elite athletes. Arch Pediatrie. 21:722–726. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2014.04.016. PMID: 24947107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullinger SA, Brocklehurst EL, Iveson RP, Burniston JG, Doran DA, Waterhouse JM, Edwards BJ. 2014. Is there a diurnal variation in repeated sprint ability on a non-motorised treadmill? Chronobiol Int. 31:421–432. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2013.865643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rae DE, Stephenson KJ, Roden LC. 2015. Factors to consider when assessing diurnal variation in sports performance: The influence of chronotype and habitual training time-of-day. Eur J Appl Physiol. 115:1339–1349. doi: 10.1007/s00421-015-3109-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raikes AC, Athey A, Alfonso-Miller P, Killgore WD, Grandner MA. 2019. Insomnia and daytime sleepiness: risk factors for sports-related concussion. Sleep Med. 58:66–74. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopal I. 2012. Gender difference and circadian rhythm on total mood disturbance of volleyball players. Excel Int J Multidiscip Manag Stud. 2:135–148.
   Google Scholar
• Reaburn PR, Fernandes JFT. 2023. Exercise stress and recovery in active ageing individuals and masters athletes. In: Kellmann M, Jakowski S Beckmann J, editors. The importance of recovery for physical and mental health: negotiating the effects of underrecovery. New York (NY): Routledge. p. 242–265. doi: 10.4324/9781003250647-14.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy S, Reddy V, Sharma S. 2023. Physiology, circadian rhythm. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID:30137792.
   Google Scholar
• Reid KJ, Baron KG, Lu B, Naylor E, Wolfe L, Zee PC. 2010. Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia. Sleep Med. 11:934–940. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T, Atkinson G, Edwards B, Waterhouse J, Farrelly K, Fairhurst E. 2007. Diurnal variation in temperature, mental and physical performance, and tasks specifically related to football (soccer). Chronobiol Int. 24:507–519. doi: 10.1080/07420520701420709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T, Edwards B. 2007. Altered sleep–wake cycles and physical performance in athletes. Physiology & Behavior. 90:274–284. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rémi J, Pollmächer T, Spiegelhalder K, Trenkwalder C, Young P. 2019. Sleep-related disorders in neurology and psychiatry. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 116:681–688. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riede SJ, van der Vinne V, Hut RA. 2017. The flexible clock: predictive and reactive homeostasis, energy balance and the circadian regulation of sleep–wake timing. J Exp Biol. 220:738–749. doi: 10.1242/jeb.130757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robey E, Dawson B, Halson S, Gregson W, Goodman C, Eastwood P. 2014. Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: a pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci. 14:410–417. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2013.843024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa JP, Silva A, Rodrigues DF, Simim MA, Narciso FV, Tufik S, Bichara JJ, Pereira SR, Da Silva SC, de Mello MT. 2018. Effect of bright light therapy on delayed sleep/wake cycle and reaction time of athletes participating in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Chronobiol Int. 35:1095–1103. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1459660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roveda E, Mulè A, Galasso L, Castelli L, Scurati R, Michielon G, Esposito F, Caumo A, Montaruli A. 2020. Effect of chronotype on motor skills specific to soccer in adolescent players. Chronobiol Int. 37:552–563. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1729787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabzevari Rad R, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Shirvani H. 2021. Circadian rhythm effect on military physical fitness and field training: a narrative review. Sport Sci Health. 17:43–56. doi: 10.1007/s11332-020-00692-w.
   Google Scholar
• Sanz-Milone V, Narciso FV, da Silva A, Misuta M, de Mello MT, Esteves AM. 2021. Sleep of wheelchair rugby athletes: training, rest and competition. Int J Sports Med. 2:169–174. doi: 10.1055/a-1192-5845.
   Google Scholar
• Sargent C, Lastella M, Halson SL, Roach GD. 2014. The impact of training schedules on the sleep and fatigue of elite athletes. Chronobiol Int. 31:1160–1168. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2014.957306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders PU, Garvican-Lewis LA, Schmidt WF, Gore CJ. 2013. Relationship between changes in haemoglobin mass and maximal oxygen uptake after hypoxic exposure. Br J Sports Med. 47:i26–i30. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JP, McNaughton LR, Polman RC. 2006. Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood. Physiology & Behavior. 87:396–408. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shariat A, Kargarfard M, Danaee M, Tamrin SBM. 2015. Intensive resistance exercise and circadian salivary testosterone concentrations among young male recreational lifters. J Strength Cond Res. 29:151–158. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shephard RJ. 2012. The impact of ramadan observance upon athletic performance. Nutrients. 4:491–505. doi: 10.3390/nu4060491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shephard RJ. 2013. Ramadan and sport: minimizing effects upon the observant athlete. Sports Med. 43:1217–1241. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0080-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata S, Tahara Y. 2014. Circadian rhythm and exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 3:65–72. doi: 10.7600/jpfsm.3.65.
   Google Scholar
• Silva A, Queiroz SS, Winckle C, Vital R, Sousa RA, Fagundes V, Tufik S, de Mello MT. 2012. Sleep quality evaluation, chronotype, sleepiness and anxiety of Paralympic Brazilian athletes: Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. Br J Sports Med. 46:150–154. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.077016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira A, Alves F, Teixeira AM, Rama L. 2020. Chronobiological effects on mountain biking performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17:6458. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RS, Guilleminault C, Efron B. 1997. Sports, sleep, and circadian rhythms Orcadian rhythms and enhanced athletic performance in the national football league. Sleep. 20:362–365. doi: 10.1093/sleep/20.5.362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souissi N, Driss T, Chamari K, Vandewalle H, Davenne D, Gam A, Fillard JR, Jousselin E. 2010. Diurnal variation in Wingate test performances: Influence of active warm-up. Chronobiol Int. 27:640–652. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2010.483157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souissi N, Gauthier A, Sesboüé B, Larue J, Davenne D. 2004. Circadian rhythms in two types of anaerobic cycle leg exercise: Force-velocity and 30-s wingate tests. Int J Sports Med. 25:14–19. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-45226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor K, Cronin JB, Gill N, Chapman DW, Sheppard JM. 2011. Warm-up affects diurnal variation in power output. Int J Sports Med. 32:185–189. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1268437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo W, McGuigan MR, Newton MJ. 2011. The effects of circadian rhythmicity of salivary cortisol and testosterone on maximal isometric force, maximal dynamic force, and power output. J Strength Cond Res. 25:1538–1545. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181da77b0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo W, Newton MJ, McGuigan MR. 2011. Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation. J Sports Sci Med. 10:600–606. PMID: 24149547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas JM, Kern PA, Bush HM, McQuerry KJ, Black WS, Clasey JL, Pendergast JS. 2020. Circadian rhythm phase shifts caused by timed exercise vary with chronotype. JCI Insight. 5:e134270. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.134270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson A, Jones H, Marqueze E, Gregson W, Atkinson G. 2015. The effects of evening bright light exposure on subsequent morning exercise performance. Int J Sports Med. 36:101–106. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1389970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thun E, Bjorvatn B, Flo E, Harris A, Pallesen S. 2015. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. Sleep Med Rev. 23:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale KC, Owens R, Hopkins SR, Malhotra A. 2019. Sleep hygiene for optimizing recovery in athletes: review and recommendations. Int J Sports Med. 40:535–543. doi: 10.1055/a-0905-3103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J, Atkinson G, Edwards B, Reilly T. 2007. The role of a short post-lunch nap in improving cognitive, motor, and sprint performance in participants with partial sleep deprivation. J Sports Sci. 25:1557–1566. doi: 10.1080/02640410701244983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J, Drust B, Weinert D, Edwards B, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Kao S, Aizawa S, Reilly T. 2005. The circadian rhythm of core temperature: origin and some implications for exercise performance. Chronobiol Int. 22:207–225. doi: 10.1081/CBI-200053477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West DJ, Cook CJ, Beaven MC, Kilduff LP. 2014. The influence of the time of day on core temperature and lower body power output in elite rugby union sevens players. J Strength Cond Res. 28:1524–1528. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West DJ, Finn CV, Cunningham DJ, Shearer DA, Jones MR, Harrington BJ, Crewther BT, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. 2014. Neuromuscular function, hormonal, and mood responses to a professional rugby union match. J Strength Cond Res. 28:194–200. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318291b726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes JR, Walter AE, Chang AM, Miller SJ, Sebastianelli WJ, Seidenberg PH, Slobounov S. 2021. Effects of sleep disturbance on functional and physiological outcomes in collegiate athletes: a scoping review. Sleep Med. 81:8–19. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar