- Gordon , Michael R. and Trainor , Bernard E. 1995 . The Generals' War , 325 – 6 . Boston : Little, Brown and Company . It would be wrong to conclude that the attack had no strategic usefulness, however. By hitting the families of senior officials, the costs of war were brought home to the Iraqi élite. See
- Freedman , Lawrence and Karsh , Efraim . 1993 . The Gulf Conflict, 1990-1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , 329 Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Freedman and Karsh . The Gulf Conflict 405
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 439
- Clausewitz . On War 595
- Freedman and Karsh . The Gulf Conflict 365
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 269
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 271
- Ibid., p. 266
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 429
- Trainor, Frontline/BBC Gulf War Oral History Interviews.
- Clausewitz . On War 100 – 4 .
- Bathurst , Robert . 1993 . Intelligence and the Mirror: On Creating an Enemy , 106 London : Sage Publications . Robert Bathurst, a former US Navy Captain, cavalierly referred to the air war as an example of "ineffective US bombing strategies to change heads of state". This is only noteworthy as another example of how élite opinion, in this case, ex-military élite opinion, perceived one of the war's goals as leadership decapitation. See
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 433
- Clausewitz . On War 75
- Brodie , Bernard . 1973 . War and Politics , 43 New York : Macmillan .
- Gray , Colin S. 1981 . "National Style in Strategy: The American Example" . International Security , 6 ( 2 ) : 31 – 3 . For more on the strategic shortcomings of the US endgame in the Second World War, see
- Bush and Scowcroft . A World Transformed 374 – 5 . 388 435 Eight years on, Bush is still visceral in his depiction of Hussein as a Hitler (see
- Aruri , Naseer . 1991 . "Human Rights and the Gulf Crisis: The Verbal Strategy of George Bush" ” . In Beyond the Storm: A Gulf Crisis Reader , Edited by: Bennis , Phyllis and Moushabeck , Michel . 312 – 14 . 316 New York : Olive Branch Press . No matter how sincere his feelings may be, however, Bush is nevertheless guilty of manipulation. It seems unlikely that Bush was unaware of Iraq's human rights abuses when he was head of the Central Intelligence Agency in the early 1970s. Moreover, at the same time that Bush denigrated Hussein, he ignored equally heinous human rights violations that occurred regularly in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Turkey and Saudi Arabia that were key members of the coalition against Iraq. See
- Van Riper , Paul and Scales , Robert H. Jr. 1997 . "Preparing for War in the 21st Century" . Strategic Review , XXV ( 3 ) : 17
- Adler , Bill . 1965 . The Churchill Wit , 59 New York : Coward-McCann .
- Norman Schwarzkopf, Frondine/BBC Gulf War Oral History Interviews, PBS/Frontline Web Site, accessed on 30 December 1998: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/ oral/schwarzkopf/1 .html.
- Karsh , Efraim . 1996 . "Reflections on the 1990-91 Gulf Conflict" . The Journal of Strategic Studies , 19 ( 3 ) : 313
- Walter Boomer, Fronuine/BBC Gulf War Oral History Interviews, PBS/Frontline Web Site, accessed on 30 December 1998: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/ boomer/1 .html.
- Achenbach , Joel . 1990 . "War and the Cult of Clausewitz: How a Long Dead Prussian Shaped US Thinking on the Persian Gulf" . Washington Post , 6 December : D01 Quoted in
- von Clausewitz , Carl . 1984 . On War , Edited by: Howard , Michael and Paret , Peter . 584 Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 444
- Ibid., p. 87
- Ibid., p. 605
- Paret , Peter . 1986 . "Clausewitz." ” . In Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to Ae Nuclear Age , Edited by: Paret , Peter . 191 – 2 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Clausewitz . On War 89
- Ibid., p. 87
- Ibid
- Beyerchen , Alan D. 1992 . "Clausewitz, Nonlinearity and the Unpredictability of War" . International Security , 17 ( 3 ) : 68
- Handel , Michael I. 1996 . Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought, , Second Revised Edition , xv London : Frank Cass .
- Clausewitz . On War 80
- Collins , Edward M. 1955 . "Clausewitz and Democracy's Modern Wars" . Military Affairs , 19 ( l ) : 17
- Bush , George and Scowcroft , Brent . 1998 . A World Transformed , 341 427 New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
- Ibid., p. 389
- Schuman , Howard and Rieger , Cheryl . 1992 . "Historical Analogies, Generational Effects, and Attitudes Toward War" . American Sociological Review , 57 June : 316 The US debate on the use of force in the Gulf was often a case of dueling analogies. Either Hussein was a Hitler, and early intervention would prevent another World War, or Iraq was a quagmire, another Vietnam lurking in desert garb. See
- Maclear , Michael . 1981 . The Ten Thousand Day War, Vietnam: 1945-1975 , 241 245 – 8 . New York : St Martin's .
- Summers , Harry G. 1982 . On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War , 37 – 9 . Novato, CA : Presidio Press .
- Barry , John and Thomas , Evan . 1991 . "A Textbook Victory" . Newsweek , 11 March : 39
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 326
- Freedman and Karsh . The Gulf Conflict 328
- Summers , Harry G. 1992 . On Strategy II: A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War , 277 New York : Dell .
- Bernard Trainer, Frontline/BBC Guy War Oral History Interviews, PBS/Frontline Web Site, accessed on 30 December 1998: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulforal/ trainor/1 .html.
- Howard , Michael . 1983 . Clausewitz , 27 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 234 – 5 . The failure of Schwarzkopf to alter his strategy after Khafji maybe the best example of insufficient coup d'oeil, but it is not the only one. Schwarzkopfs attitude towards the launch of Iraqi Scud missiles is a case study in a commander lacking the military intuition that Clausewitz believed critical. Initially, Schwarzkopf refused to recognize that the strikes, while tactically insignificant, carried substantial political importance (see
- Mandeles , Mark D. , Hone , Thomas C. and Terry , Sanford S. 1996 . Managing "Command and Control" in the Persian Gulf War , 79 – 80 . Westport, CT : Praeger . Once he was forced to address the launches, however, Schwarzkopf never grasped the conceptual similarity between Scud hunting and antisubmarine warfare (ASW), and failed to pursue the most appropriate strategy for mitigating the impact of Scud attacks. For more on the Scud/ASW analogy, see
- Colin Powell, Frontline/BBC Gulf War Oral History Interviews, PBS/Frontline Web Site, accessed on 30 December 1998: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/ powell/1 .html.
- Bush and Scowcroft,/4 World Transformed, p. 333.
- Ibid. See also Powell, Frontline/BBC Guy War Oral History Interviews.
- Sterner , Michael . 1997 . "Closing the Gate: The Persian Gulf War Revisited" . Current History , 96 ( 606 ) : 14
- Bush and Scowcroft . A World Transformed 383 433
- Ibid., p. 433
- Sterner . "Closing the Gate" ” . 14
- Kearney , Thomas A. and Cohen , Eliot A. 1993 . Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report , 70 Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 314 Such attacks were justified by stating that anyone involved in the command and control of Iraqi armed forces was a legitimate target. The same rationale was used in 1943, when the United States shot down Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, architect of the Pearl Harbor attack and key strategist for the Japanese
- Mullins , Kerry and Wildavsky , Aaron . 1992 . "The Procedural Presidency of George Bush" . Political Science Quarterly , 107 ( 1 ) : 55
- Van Aller , Chris . 1997 . "Machiavelli and Clausewitz on the Political Determinants of National Security" . Defense Analysis is , 13 ( 1 ) : 6
- Brodie . War and Politics 44
- Sapolsky , Harvey M. and Shapiro , Jeremy . 1996 . "Casualties, Technology, and America's Future Wars" . Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly , XXVI ( 2 ) : 121
- Bush and Scowcroft . A World Transformed 433
- Freedman and Karsh . The Gulf Conflict 413 – 14 . For example, see
- Wandel . Masters of War 113
- Gordon and Trainor . The Generals' War 409
- Clausewitz . On War 579
Defense Analysis
Volume 17, 2001 - Issue 1