187
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Thyroid Nodules in Severely Obese Patients: Frequency and Risk of Malignancy on Ultrasonography

, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 9-16 | Received 19 Jan 2018, Accepted 24 May 2019, Published online: 01 Jul 2019

References

  • Schmid D, Ricci C, Behrens G, et al. Adiposity and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Rev. 2015;16:1042–1054. doi:10.1111/obr.12321.
  • Tan GH, Gharib H. Thyroid incidentalomas: management approaches to nonpalpable nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:226–231. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00009.
  • Guth S, Theune U, Aberle J, et al. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39:699–706. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02162.x.
  • Hegedüs L. Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1764–1771. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp041956.
  • Davies L, Morris LG, Haymart M, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology disease state clinical review: the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer. Endocr Pr. 2015;21:686–696. doi:10.4158/EP14466.DSCR.
  • Di Cesare M, Bentham J, Stevens GA, et al. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet. 2016;387:1377–1396. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X.
  • Pappa T, Alevizaki M. Obesity and thyroid cancer: a clinical update. Thyroid. 2014;24:190–199. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0232.
  • Sousa PAMD, Vaisman M, Carneiro JRI, et al. Prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodular disease in patients with class III obesity. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;57:120–125. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302013000200004.
  • Cappelli C, Pirola I, Mittempergher F, et al. Morbid obesity in women is associated to a lower prevalence of thyroid nodules. Obes Surg. 2012;22:460–464. doi:10.1007/s11695-011-0508-9.
  • Rezzonico J, Rezzonico M, Pusiol E, et al. Introducing the thyroid gland as another victim of the insulin resistance syndrome. Thyroid. 2008;18:461–464. doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0223.
  • Xu W, Chen Z, Li N, et al. Relationship of anthropometric measurements to thyroid nodules in a Chinese population. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008452. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008452.
  • Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. Body fatness and cancer — viewpoint of the IARC working group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:794–798. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1606602.
  • Rotondi M, Castagna MG, Cappelli C, et al. Obesity does not modify the risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in a cytological series of thyroid nodules. Eur Thyroid J. 2016;5:125–131. doi:10.1159/000445054.
  • WHO. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva; 2000. Epub ahead of print 2000. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91352-1.
  • Resende DP, Da Costa AC, De Souza R, et al. Non-classical circulating monocytes in severe obesity and obesity with uncontrolled diabetes: a comparison with tuberculosis and healthy individuals. Tuberculosis, v. 114, p. 30-41, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2018.11.003
  • Siqueira RA, Noll M, Rodrigues APDS, et al. Factors associated with the occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese patients: a case-control study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2019;20:693–697. doi:10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.3.693.
  • RodriguesAPS, Rosa LPS, Silveira EA. PPARG2 Pro12Ala polymorphism influences body composition changes in severely obese patients consuming extra virgin olive oil: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrition & Metabolism, v. 15, p. online, 2018. doi:10.1186/s12986-018-0289-4 15 559
  • RodriguesAPDS, Rosa LPS, Silva HDD, Silveira-Lacerda EDP, Silveira EA. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism PPARG2 Pro12Ala Affects Body Mass Index, Fat Mass, and Blood Pressure in Severely Obese Rosa. Journal Of Obesity (PRINT), v. 2018, p. 1–9, 2018. doi:10.1155/2018/2743081
  • Brenta G, Vaisman M, Sgarbi JA, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypothyroidism. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;57:265–291. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302013000400003.
  • Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, et al. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 13th ed. Philadelphia; 2016. Epub ahead of print 2016. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
  • Pfannenstiel P, Saller B. Schilddrüsenkrankheiten Diagnose Und Therapie. 2nd ed. Berlin: Berliner Medizinische Verlagsanstalt GmbH; 1995.
  • WHO. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser; 1995. Epub ahead of print 1995.
  • Michalaki MA, Vagenakis AG, Leonardou AS, et al. Thyroid function in humans with morbid obesity. Thyroid. 2006;16:73–78. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.73.
  • Bakhshaee M, Davoudi Y, Mehrabi M, et al. Vascular pattern and spectral parameters of power Doppler ultrasound as predictors of malignancy risk in thyroid nodules. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:2182–2186. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31818208e7.
  • Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2015;26:1–133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.
  • Kwak JY, Han KH, Yoon JH, et al. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: a step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk. Radiology. 2011;260:892–899. doi:10.1148/radiol.11110206.
  • Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;132:658–665. doi:10.1309/AJCPPHLWMI3JV4LA.
  • Díez JJ, Iglesias P. Relationship between thyrotropin and body mass index in euthyroid subjects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2011;119:144–150. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1265133.
  • Kitahara CM, Platz EA, Park Y, et al. Body fat distribution, weight change during adulthood, and thyroid cancer risk in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Int J Cancer. 2012;130:1411–1419. doi:10.1002/ijc.26161.
  • Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Rasmussen LB, et al. Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4019–4024. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2225.
  • Reinehr T. Obesity and thyroid function. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;316:165–171. doi:10.1016/j.mce.20-09.06.005.
  • Reinehr T. Thyroid function in the nutritionally obese child and adolescent. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2011;23:415–420. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328344c393.
  • Rotondi M, Leporati P, La Manna A, et al. Raised serum TSH levels in patients with morbid obesity: is it enough to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism? Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160:403–408. doi:10.1530/EJE-08-0734.
  • Ruhla S, Weickert MO, Arafat AM, et al. A high normal TSH is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72:696–701. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03698.x.
  • Solanki A, Bansal S, Jindal S, et al. Relationship of serum thyroid stimulating hormone with body mass index in healthy adults. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17:S167. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.119560.
  • Valdés S, Maldonado-Araque C, Lago-Sampedro A, et al. Reference values for TSH may be inadequate to define hypothyroidism in persons with morbid obesity: [email protected] study. Obesity. 2017;25:788–793. doi:10.1002/oby.21959.
  • Dauksiene D, Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, et al. Factors associated with the prevalence of thyroid nodules and goiter in middle-aged euthyroid subjects. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:1–8. Epub ahead of print 2017. doi:10.1155/2017/8401518.
  • Kim JR, Kim BH, Kim SM, et al. Low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D is associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics in female patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2014;24:1618–1624. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0090.
  • Eray E, Sari F, Ozdem S, et al. Relationship between thyroid volume and iodine, leptin, and adiponectin in obese women before and after weight loss. Med Princ Pract. 2010;20:43–46. doi:10.1159/000322075.
  • Ayturk S, Gursoy A, Kut A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161:599–605. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0410.
  • Rotondi M, Cappelli C, Leporati P, et al. A hypoechoic pattern of the thyroid at ultrasound does not indicate autoimmune thyroid diseases in patients with morbid obesity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163:105–109. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-0288.
  • Yoon JH, Lee HS, Kim EK, Moon HJKJ. Malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules: comparison between the thyroid imaging reporting and data system and the 2014 American Thyroid Association management guidelines. Radiology. 2016;278:917–924. doi:10.1148/radiol.2015150056.
  • Pearce EN. Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Their Elimination. Springer International Publishing; 2017. Epub ahead of print 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49505-7.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.