116
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Association between Free Thyroxine Levels and Diabetic Retinopathy in Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

, , , , , & show all
Pages 111-118 | Received 05 Nov 2018, Accepted 29 Oct 2019, Published online: 27 Nov 2019

References

  • Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010;376:124–136. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3.
  • Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:556–564. doi:10.2337/dc11-1909.
  • Leasher JL, Bourne RR, Flaxman SR, et al. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis from 1990 to 2010. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1643–1649. doi:10.2337/dc15-2171.
  • Wong TY, Cheung CM, Larsen M, Sharma S, Simo R. Diabetic retinopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16012. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.12.
  • Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577–1589. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806470.
  • Zhang L, Krzentowski G, Albert A, Lefebvre PJ. Risk of developing retinopathy in diabetes control and complications trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1275–1279. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1275.
  • Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V, Aglialoro A, et al. Italian association of clinical endocrinologists (AME) & Italian association of clinical diabetologists (AMD) position statement: diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders: recommendations for clinical practice. Endocrine. 2015;49:339–352. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0474-9.
  • Wu J, Yue S, Geng J, et al. Relationship between diabetic retinopathy and subclinical hypothyroidism: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12212. doi:10.1038/srep12212.
  • Jabbar A, Pingitore A, Pearce SH, et al. Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14:39–55. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.174.
  • Han C, He X, Xia X, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0135233. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135233.
  • Yang JK, Liu W, Shi J, Li YB. An association between subclinical hypothyroidism and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1018–1020. doi:10.2337/dc09-1784.
  • Wu J, Li X, Tao Y, Wang Y, Peng Y. Free triiodothyronine levels are associated with diabetic nephropathy in euthyroid patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:204893. doi:10.1155/2015/204893.
  • Kim BY, Kim CH, Jung CH, et al. Association between subclinical hypothyroidism and severe diabetic retinopathy in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J. 2011;58:1065–1070. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ11-0199.
  • Sawant O, Horton AM, Shukla M, et al. Light-regulated thyroid hormone signaling is required for rod photoreceptor development in the mouse retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:8248–8257. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17743.
  • Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HA, et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:412–419. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.412.
  • Anonymous. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:837–853. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6.
  • Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:527–532. doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011.
  • Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:520–526. doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030398010.
  • Lim LS, Wong TY. Lipids and diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:93–105. doi:10.1517/14712598.2012.641531.
  • Wong CW, Wong TY, Cheng CY, Sabanayagam C. Kidney and eye diseases: common risk factors, etiological mechanisms, and pathways. Kidney Int. 2014;85:1290–1302. doi:10.1038/ki.2013.491.
  • Cheung N, Wong TY. Obesity and eye diseases. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52:180–195. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.12.003.
  • Sasongko MB, Wong TY, Nguyen TT, et al. Serum apolipoprotein AI and B are stronger biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipids. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:474–479. doi:10.2337/dc10-0793.
  • Sasongko MB, Wong TY, Nguyen TT, et al. Novel versus traditional risk markers for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia. 2012;55:666–670. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2424-x.
  • Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation. 2007;116:1725–1735. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326.
  • Gumieniak O, Perlstein TS, Hopkins PN, et al. Thyroid function and blood pressure homeostasis in euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3455–3461. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032143.
  • Jun JE, Jin SM, Jee JH, et al. TSH increment and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in euthyroid subjects. Endocrine. 2017;55:944–953. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1221-1.
  • Ortega E, Koska J, Pannacciulli N, Bunt JC, Krakoff J. Free triiodothyronine plasma concentrations are positively associated with insulin secretion in euthyroid individuals. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:217–221. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0592.
  • Martinez B, Ortiz RM. Thyroid hormone regulation and insulin resistance: insights from animals naturally adapted to fasting. Physiology (Bethesda). 2017;32:141–151. doi:10.1152/physiol.00018.2016.
  • Lekakis J, Papamichael C, Alevizaki M, et al. Flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired in subjects with hypothyroidism, borderline hypothyroidism, and high-normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) values. Thyroid. 1997;7:411–414. doi:10.1089/thy.1997.7.411.
  • Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340:1111–1115. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-F.
  • Simo R, Hernandez C. European consortium for the early treatment of diabetic R. Neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye: new insights and therapeutic perspectives. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014;25:23–33. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.005.
  • Zhang SX, Sanders E, Fliesler SJ, Wang JJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein responses in retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res. 2014;125:30–40. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.015.
  • Villanueva I, Alva-Sanchez C, Pacheco-Rosado J. The role of thyroid hormones as inductors of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:218145. doi:10.1155/2013/218145.
  • Ceresini G, Lauretani F, Maggio M, et al. Thyroid function abnormalities and cognitive impairment in elderly people: results of the Invecchiare in Chianti study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:89–93. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1532-5415.
  • Fu AL, Zhou CY, Chen X. Thyroid hormone prevents cognitive deficit in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58:722–729. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.020.
  • Faggiano A, Del Prete M, Marciello F, et al. Thyroid diseases in elderly. Minerva Endocrinol. 2011;36:211–231.
  • Boucai L, Surks MI. Reference limits of serum TSH and free T4 are significantly influenced by race and age in an urban outpatient medical practice. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70:788–793. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03390.x.
  • Santos-Palacios S, Brugos-Larumbe A, Guillen-Grima F, Garmendia-Madariaga A, Galofre JC. Does metformin have a “buffer effect” on serum TSH levels in euthyroid diabetic patients? Hormones (Athens). 2015;14:280–285.
  • He X, Wu D, Hu C, et al. Role of metformin in the treatment of patients with thyroid nodules and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2019;29:359–367. doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0707.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.