Relationship of childhood maltreatment, exercise, and emotion regulation to self-esteem, PTSD, and depression symptoms among college students

References

• Green JG, McLaughlin KA, Berglund PA, et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(2):113. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher MH, Samson JA. Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: a case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(10):1114–1133. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein AL, Flett GL, Wekerle C. Child maltreatment, alcohol use and drinking consequences among male and female college students: an examination of drinking motives as mediatros. Addict Behav. 2010;35(6):636–639. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth JM, Hockemeyer JR, Heron KE, et al. Prevalence, type, disclosure, and severity of adverse life events in college students. J Am Coll Health. 2008;57(1):69–76. doi:10.3200/JACH.57.1.69-76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gress-Smith JL, Roubinov DS, Andreotti C, et al. Prevalence, severity and risk factors for depressive symptoms and insomnia in college undergraduates. Stress Health. 2015;31(1):63–70. doi:10.1002/smi.2509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Behavioral health trends in the United States: results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf. Published September 2015. Accessed April 12, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom AH, Swenson Goguen LM, Hiester M. The effect of social anxiety and self-esteem on college adjustment, academics, and retention. J Coll Counsel. 2014;17(1):48–63. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2014.00047.x.
   Google Scholar
• Orth U, Robins RW. Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2013;22(6):455–460. doi:10.1177/0963721413492763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banyard VL, Cantor EN. Adjustment to college among trauma survivors: an exploratory study of resilience. J Coll Stud Dev. 2004;45(2):207–221. doi:10.1353/csd.2004.0017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins SD, Fox NA. Self-regulatory processes in early personality development: a multilevel approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal. Dev Psychopathol. 2002;14(3):477–498. doi:10.1017/S095457940200305X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith RE, Freyd JJ, DePrince AP. To add insight to injury: childhood abuse, abuse perceptions, and the emotional and physical health of young adults. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2009;18(4):350–366.
   Google Scholar
• Harkness KL, Lumley MN. Child abuse and neglect and the development of depression in children and adolescents In: Abela JR, Henkin BL, eds. Handbook of Depression in Children and Adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2008:466–488.
   Google Scholar
• Herman J. Complex PTSD: a syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1992;5(3):377–391. doi:10.1002/jts.2490050305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman JF, Ford JD. Relationships between suicide risk, traumatic experiences, and substance use among juvenile detainees. Arch Suicide Res. 2008;12(1):50–61. doi:10.1080/13811110701800830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein H, Elifson KW, Sterk CE. Childhood neglect and adulthood involvement in HIV-related risk behaviors. Child Abuse Negl. 2007;31:39–53. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano E, Zoccolillo M, Paquette D. Histories of child maltreatment and psychiatric disorder in pregnant adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(3):329–336. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000194563.40418.81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale LP, Carroll LE, Galen G, Hayes JA, Webb KW, Porges SW. Abuse history is related to autonomic regulation to mild exercise and psychological wellbeing. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2009;34(4):299–308. doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9111-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarullo AR, Gunnar MR. Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis. Horm Behav. 2006;50(4):632–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trickett PK, Noll JG, Susman EJ, Shenk CE, Putnam FW. Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse. Dev Psychopathol. 2010;22(1):165–175. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Berliner L, Deblinger E. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for traumatized children In: Weisz JR, Kazdin AE, eds. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2010:295–311.
   Google Scholar
• Ford JD, Russo E. Trauma-focused, present-centered emotional self-regulation approach to integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress and addiction: trauma adaptive recovery group education and therapy (TARGET). Am J Psychother. 2006;60(4):335–355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zlotnick C, Shea TM, Rosen K, et al. An affect-management group for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and histories of childhood sexual abuse. J Traum Stress. 1997;10(3):425–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinazzola J, Rhodes AM, Emerson D, Earle E, Monroe K. Application of Yoga in residential treatment of traumatized youth. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2011;17(6):431–444. doi:10.1177/1078390311418359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staples JK, Abdel Atti JA, Gordon JS. Mind-body skills groups for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in Palestinian children and adolescents in Gaza. Int J Stress Manag. 2011;18(3):246–262. doi:10.1037/a0024015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein EE, McNally RJ. Acute aerobic exercise hastens emotional recovery from a subsequent stressor. Health Psychol. 2017;36(6):560–567. doi:10.1037/hea0000482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein EE, McNally RJ. Acute aerobic exercise helps overcome emotion regulation deficits. Cogn Emot. 2017;31(4):834–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen GE, Shamus E. Depressed, low self-esteem: what can exercise do for you? Internet J Allied Health Sci Pract. 2009;7(2):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Jerstad SJ, Boutelle NK, Ness KK, Stice E. Prospective reciprocal relations between physical activity and depression in female adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(2):268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson GJG, Fetzner MG, DeBoer LB, Powers MD, Otto MW, Smits J. Let’s get physical: a contemporary review of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety and its disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(4):362–373. doi:10.1002/da.22043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz AB, Motta R. The effects of an aerobic exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity in adolescents. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2008;10(1):49–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeBouthillier D, Fetzner M, Asmundson G. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with greater reduction in PTSD symptoms and anxiety sensitivity following aerobic exercise. Ment Health Phys Act. 2016;10:33–39. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322005000100012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;131(5):350–359. doi:10.1111/acps.1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Richards J, et al. Physical fitness in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(24):2461–2467. doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1226412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DP, Childhood FL. Trauma Questionnaire: A Retrospective Self Report Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Aaron DJ, Kriska AM, Dearwater SR, et al. The epidemiology of leisure physical activity in an adolescent population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(7):847–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Aaron DJ, Kriska AM, Dearwater SR, Cauley JA, Metz KF, LaPorte RE. Reproducibility and validity of an epidemiologic questionnaire to assess past year physical activity in adolescents. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(2):191–201. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M. Conceiving the Self. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1979. doi:10.1086/ahr/85.3.622.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Huska JA, Keane TM. PCL-C for DSM-IV. Boston, MA: Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis LR. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual. 3rd ed. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;6(1):41–54. doi:0.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94. doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran CD, Hale D. College student norms on the Brief Symptom Inventory. J Clin Psychol. 1985;41(6):777–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero KJ, Del Ben K, Scotti JR, Rabalais AE. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist–Civilian Version. J Traum Stress. 2003;16(5):495–502. doi:10.1023/A:1025714729117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair SJ, Blais MA, Gansler DA, Sandberg E, Bistis K, LoCicero A. Psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: overall and across demographic groups living within the United States. Eval Health Prof. 2010;33(1):56–80. doi:10.1177/0163278709356187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arata CM, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Bowers D, O’Farrill-Swails L. Single versus multi type maltreatment: an examination of the long-term effects of child abuse. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2005;11(4):29–52. doi:10.1300/J146v11n04_02.
   Google Scholar
• de Assis MA, de Mello MF, Scorza FA, et al. Evaluation of physical activity habits in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinics. 2008;63(4):473–478. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322008000400010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manger TA. The effects of a community-based aerobic exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms and concomitant anxiety and depression. Diss Abstr Int. 2000;61. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad A, St-Hilaire S, Wong MM, Peterson T, Loftin J. Physical activity and depressive symptoms in rural adolescents. N Am J Psychol. 2009;11(1):173–188.
   Google Scholar
• Taliaferro LA, Rienzo BA, Pigg RR, Miller M, Dodd VJ. Associations between physical activity and reduced rates of hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among college students. J Am Coll Health. 2009;57(4):427–436. doi:10.3200/JACH.57.4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James B. Treating Traumatized Children: New Insights and Creative Interventions. New York, NY: Free Press; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkcaldy BD, Shephard RJ, Siefen RG. The relationship between physical activity and self-image and problem behaviour among adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002;37(11):544–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh K, DiLillo D, Scalora MJ. The cumulative impact of sexual revictimization on emotion regulation difficulties: an examination of female inmates. Violence Against Women. 2011;17(8):1103–1118. doi:10.1177/1077801211414165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott MA, Jensen CD. Executive control mediates the association between aerobic fitness and emotion regulation in preadolescent children. J Pediatr Psychol. 2017;42(2):162–173. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amstadter AB, Vernon LL. A preliminary examination of thought suppression, emotion regulation, and coping in a trauma-exposed sample. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2008;17(3):279–295. doi:10.1080/10926770802403236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns EE, Jackson JL, Harding HG. Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress: the impact of emotional abuse. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2010;19(8):801–819. doi:10.1080/10926771.2010.522947.57.
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre M, Miranda R, Stovall-McClough K, Han H. Beyond PTSD: emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse. Behav Ther. 2005;36(2):119–124. doi:10.1016/S0005-94(05)80060-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reckling AE, Buirski P. Child abuse, self-development, and affect regulation. Psychoanal Psychol. 1996;13(1):81–99. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.13.1.81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford JD, Emotion regulation and skills-based interventions. In: Cook J, Gold S, Dalenberg C, eds. Handbook of Trauma Psychology. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2017:227–252.
   Google Scholar