Gratitude and suicide risk among college students: Substantiating the protective benefits of being thankful

References

• Xu J, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2012. NCHS Data Brief No. 168. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2014. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. Suicide and self-inflicted injury. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/suicide.htm. Updated May 30, 2016. Accessed April 8, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz AJ. College student suicide in the United States: 1990-1991 through 2003-2004. J Am Coll Health. 2006;54(6):341–352. doi:10.3200/JACH.54.6.341-352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen H, Calear AL, Van Spijker B, et al. Psychosocial interventions for suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts: a database of randomised controlled trials. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1). doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-86.
   Google Scholar
• Froh JJ, Sefick WJ, Emmons RA. Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. J Sch Psychol. 2008;46(2):213–233. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill PL, Allemand M, Roberts BW. Examining the pathways between gratitude and self-rated physical health across adulthood. Pers Individ Dif. 2013;54(1):92–96. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C. The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, depression, and suicidal ideation among undergraduate students. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56(6):700–707. doi:10.1111/sjop.12252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon LL. Relationships among proactive coping, posttrauma gratitude, and psychopathology in a traumatized college sample. J Agress Maltreatment Trauma. 2012;21(1):114–130. doi:10.1080/10926771.2012.633298.
   Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Joseph S, Maltby J. Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the big twelve facets. Pers Individ Dif. 2009;46(4):443–447. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Froh JJ, Geraghty A. Gratitude and well-being: a review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(7):890–905. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ME, Kilpatrick SD, Emmons RA, Larson DB. Is gratitude a moral affect?. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(2):249–266. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ME, Emmons RA, Tsang JA. The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. J Personality Soc Psychol. 2002;82(1):112–127. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Joseph S, Maltby J. Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the twelve-factor model. Pers Individ Dif. 2008;45(1):49–54. − doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan TB, Uswatte G, Julian T. Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(2):177–199. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiman EM, Adams LM, Kashdan TB, Riskind JH. Grit and gratitude indirectly reduce the risk of suicidal ideations by enhancing meaning in life: evidence for a moderated mediation model. J Res Pers. 2013;47(5):539–546. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson C, Ruch W, Beerman U, Park N, Seligman M. Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. J Posit Psychol. 2007;2(3):149–156. doi:10.1080/17439760701228938.
   Google Scholar
• Li D, Zhang W, Li X, Li N, Ye B. Gratitude and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects. J Adolesc. 2012;35(1):55–66. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krysinska K, Lester D, Lyke J, Corveleyn J. Trait gratitude and suicidal ideation and behavior: an exploratory study. Crisis 2015;36(4):291–296. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stotland E. The Psychology of Hope. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco; 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Britton PC, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Heisel MJ, Hirsch JK, Conwell Y. Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(9):736–741. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31817b609a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskelinen M, Korhonen R, Selander T, Ollonen P. Agreement between hopelessness/helplessness and Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale in healthy individuals and in patients with benign breast disease and breast cancer: a prospective case-control study in Finland. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(4):2215–2221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirois FM, Wood AM. Gratitude uniquely predicts lower depression in chronic illness populations: A longitudinal study of inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis. Health Psychol. 2017;36(2):122–132. doi:10.1037/hea0000436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt D, Demyttenaere K, Janka Z, et al. The other face of depression, reduced positive affect: The role of catecholamines in causation and cure. J Psychopharmacol. 2007;21(5):461–471. doi:10.1177/0269881106069938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A, De Leo D, Wasserman D. Suicide and mental disorders: Do we know enough? Br J Psychiatry. 2003;183(5):382–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JJ, Huang YY, Underwood MD, et al. A serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and 59 prefrontal cortical binding in major depression and suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(8):729–738. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson BL. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol. 2001;56(3):218–226. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong F, Ding K, Zhao J. The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support, and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. J Happiness Stud. 2015;16(2):477–489. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9519-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You S, Van Orden KA, Conner KR. Social connections and suicidal thoughts and behavior. Psychol Addict Behav. 2011;25(1):180–184. doi:10.1037/a0020936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Joseph S, Linley PA. Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2007;26(9):1076–1093. doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.1076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung T, Langenbucher J, Labouvie E, Pandina RJ, Moos RH. Changes in alcoholic patients' coping responses predict 12-month treatment outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69(1):92–100. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.69.1.92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos RH. Theory-based active ingredients of effective treatments for substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(2-3):109–121. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito-Smythers C, Spirito A. Adolescent substance use and suicidal behavior: A review with implications for treatment research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(5):77S–88S. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000127417.99752.87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman A, Bagge CL, Gutierrez PM, Konick LC, Kopper BA, Barrios FX. The suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment 2001;8(4):443–454. doi:10.1177/107319110100800409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Weissman A, Lester D, Trexler L. The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1974;42(6):861–865. doi:10.1037/h0037562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang EC, Sanna LJ, Hirsch JK, Jeglic EL. Loneliness and negative life events as predictors of hopelessness and suicidal behaviors in Hispanics: evidence for a diathesis-stress model. J Clin Psychol. 2010;66(12):1242–1253. doi:10.1002/jclp.20721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. BDI–II, beck depression inventory: manual (2nd ed.). Boston: Harcourt Brace; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Koenig HG, Westlund RE, George LK, Hughes DC, Blazer DG, Hybels C. Abbreviating the Duke social support index for use in chronically ill elderly individuals. Psychosomatics 1993;34(1):61–69. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(93)71928-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers JR, Goodger B, Byles JE. Assessment of the abbreviated Duke Social Support Index in a cohort of older Australian women. Australas J Ageing. 2004;23(2):71–76. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2004.00008.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. World Health Organization Dept. of Mental Health and Substance Dependence AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hare T, Sherrer MV. Validating the alcohol use disorder identification test with college first-offenders. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1999;71(1-2):113–119. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(98)00063-4.
   Google Scholar
• Bohn MJ, Babor TF, Kranzler HR. Validity of the drug abuse screening test (DAST-10) in inpatient substance abusers: Problems of drug dependence. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting, the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, DHHS Publication No. 92–1888. NIDA Research Monograph 119, 233 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Evren C, Can Y, Yilmaz A, et al. Psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) in heroin dependent adults and adolescents with drug use disorder. Dusunen Adam. 2013;26:351–359. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2013260404.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar