Mindfulness, happiness, and anxiety in a sample of college students before and after taking a meditation course

References

• American College of Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Spring 2019. Silver Spring, MD: American College health Association; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Geschwind N, Peeters F, Drukker M, van Os J, Wicchers M. Mindfulness training increases momentary positive emotions and reward experience in adults vulnerable to depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Cons Clin Psych. 2011;79(5):618–628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns JL, Lee RM, Brown LJ. The effect of meditation on self-reported measures of stress, anxiety, depression, and perfectionism in a college population. J Coll Stud Psychother. 2011;25(2):132–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2011.556947.
   Google Scholar
• Bamber M, Morpeth E. Effects of mindfulness meditation on college student anxiety: a meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2019;10(2):203–214. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0965-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penberthy JK, Williams S, Hook S, et al. Impact of a Tibetan Buddhist meditation course and applicationof related modern contemplative practices on college students’ psychological well-being: a pilot study. Mindfulness. 2017;8:911–919. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0665-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, et al. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psyc Sci Prac. 2006;11(3):230–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KM, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psyc. 2003;84(4):822–848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer J, Worhunsky P, Gray J, Tang Y, Weber J, Kober H. Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. PNAS. 2011;108 (50):20254–20259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112029108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish KA. Quieting the cacophony of the mind: the role of mindfulness in adult learning. ProQuest Inform Learn. 2011; 71:10A.
   Google Scholar
• Hollis-Walker L, Colosimo K. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: a theoretical and empirical examination. Person Indiv Differences. 2011;50(2):222–227. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson B, Cohn M, Coffey K, Pek J, Finkel S. Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008;95(5):1045–1062. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akin U, Akin A. Mindfulness and subjective happiness: The mediating role of coping competence. Československá Psychol. 2015;59 (4):359–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson R. Buddha’s Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love and Wisdom. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Pub; 2009. doi:https://doi.org/10.5214/ans.0972.7531.1118110.
   Google Scholar
• Aubele T, Wenck S, Reynolds S. Train Your Brain to Get Happy. Avon, MA: F + W Media, Inc; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Sears S, Kraus S. I think therefore I am: cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, positive and negative affect, and hope. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65(6):561–573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keng S-L, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: review of empirical studies. Clin Psyc Review. 2011;31(6):1041–1056. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz A, Greischar L, Rawlings N, Ricard M, Davidson R. Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(46):16369–16373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407401101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke E, Riediger M, Brose A. Pathways to happiness are multidirectional: association between state mindfulness and everyday affective experience. Emotion. 2018;18 (2):202–2011. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towbes LC, Cohen LH. Chronic stress in the lives of college students: scale development and prospective prediction of distress. J Youth Adolescence. 1996;25(2):199–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goleman D. The Buddha on meditation and states of consciousness, Part I: the teaching; Part II: A typology of meditation techniques. J Transpers Psych. 1972;4 (1-2): 1–44, 151–210.
   Google Scholar
• Rahul AG, Joseph MI. Influence of meditation on anxiety. Indian J Comm Psyc. 2010;5:226–234.
   Google Scholar
• Oman D, Shapiro S, Thoresen C, Plante T, Flinders T. Meditation lowers stress and supports forgiveness among college students: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Health. 2008;56(5):569–578. doi:https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.5.569-578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley C, Munk D. An examination of the impact of a college level meditation course on college student well-being. Coll Stud J. 2017; 51(1):91–98.
   Google Scholar
• Carmody J, Baer RA. Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. J Behav Med. 2008;31(1):23–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang VY, Palesh O, Caldwell R, et al. The effects of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on stress, mindfulness self-efficacy, and positive states of mind. Stress Health. 2004;20(3):141–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro SL, Oman D, Thoresen CE, Plante TG, Flinders T. Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well-being. J Clin Psychol. 2008; 64(7):840–862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat-Zinn J. Wherever You Go, There You Are. New York, NY: Hyperion; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger CD, Gorsuch R, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Lyumbomirsky S, Lepper H. A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Res. 1999;46:137–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman A. Treatment effects in before‐after data. In: Shewhart WA, Wilks SS, Gelman A, Meng X, eds. Applied Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference from Incomplete‐Data Perspectives. New York: John Wiley & Sons Publishing, Inc; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Baer R, Lykins E, Peters J. Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. J Positiv Psychol. 2012;7(3):230–238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.674548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):357–368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, et al. Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(6):763–771. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killingsworth M, Gilbert D. A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science. 2010;330(6006):932–932. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson BL, Boulton AJ, Firestine AM, et al. Positive emotion correlates of meditation practice: a comparison of mindfulness meditation and loving-kindness meditation. Mindfulness. 2017;8(6):1623–1633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0735-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvořáková K, Kishida M, Li J, et al. Promoting healthy transition to college through mindfulness training with first-year college students: pilot randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Health. 2017;65(4):259–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.1278605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindman R, Glass C, Arnkoof D, Maron D. A comparison of formal and informal mindfulness programs for stress reduction in university students. Springer Sci Bus Media. 2014;6:873–884.
   Google Scholar
• Schoormans D, Nyklicek I. Mindfulness and psychologic well-being: are they related to type of meditation technique practiced. J Alter Comp Med. 2011;17(7):629–634. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josefsson T, Larsman P, Broberg AG, Lundh L. Self-reported mindfulness mediates the relation between meditation experience and psychological well-being. Mindfulness. 2011;2(1):49–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0042-9.
   Google Scholar