Differentiating the effects of anxious and avoidant attachment on depression and resilience following trauma

References

• Galatzer L, Bonanno G. Heterogeneous patterns of stress over the four years of college: associations with anxious attachment and ego-resiliency. J Pers. 2013;81(5):476–486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaez M, Laflamme L. Experienced stress, psychological symptoms, self-rated health and academic achievement: a longitudinal study of Swedish university students. Soc Behav Pers. 2008;36(2):183–196. doi:https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.2.183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett J. Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol. 2000;55(5):469–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier P, Anders S, Shallcross S, et al. Further development of the temporal model of control. J Couns Psychol. 2012;59(4):623–630. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin K, Green J, Gruber M, Sampson N, Zaslavsky A, Kessler R. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiat. 2010;67(2):124–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banyard V, Cantor E. Adjustment to college among trauma survivors: an exploratory study of resilience. J Coll Stud Dev. 2004;45(2):207–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2004.0017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wamser-Nanney R, Howell K, Schwartz L, Hasselle A. The moderating role of trauma type on the relationship between event centrality of the traumatic experience and mental health outcomes. Psychol Trauma. 2018;10(5):499–507. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn E, Nishimi K, Powers A, Bradley B. Is developmental timing of trauma exposure associated with depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adulthood? J Psychiatr Res. 2017;84:119–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Am Acad Pediatr. 2016;138(6):e20161878–e20161878. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim AK, Kelly SJ, Adams CE, Glazebrook C. A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(3):391–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno G. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol. 2004;59(1):20–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar M. Resilience across cultures. Br J Soc Work. 2006;38(2):218–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor K, Davidson J. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss, Vol. II: Separation New York. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1973. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/26.4.355.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy P, Target M. Attachment, trauma, and psychoanalysis: where psychoanalysis meets neuroscience. In: Jurist EL, Slade A, Bergner S, eds. Early Development and Its Disturbances. New York, NY: Routledge; 2018:53–75.
   Google Scholar
• Ogle C, Rubin D, Siegler I. The relation between insecure attachment and posttraumatic stress: early life versus adulthood traumas. Psychol Trauma. 2015;7(4):324–332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim B, Hodges M, Lilly M. The differential effects of insecure attachment on post-traumatic stress: a systematic review of extant findings and explanatory mechanisms. Trauma, Violence, Abuse. 2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018815136.
   Google Scholar
• Erozkan A. The link between types of attachment and childhood trauma. UJER. 2016;4(5):1071–1079. doi:https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040517.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer M, Shaver P, Pereg D. Attachment theory and affect regulation: the dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motiv Emot. 2003;27(2):77–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crusto C, Whitson M, Walling S, et al. Posttraumatic stress among young urban children exposed to family violence and other potentially traumatic events. J Traum Stress. 2010; 23(6):716–724. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crittenden P, Ainsworth M. Child Maltreatment and Attachment Theory. London, England: Cambridge University Press; 1989:432–463.
   Google Scholar
• Cicchetti D, Barnett D. Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers. Dev Psychopathol. 1991;3(4):397–411. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007598.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenfelder E, Sandler I, Wolchik S, MacKinnon D. Quality of social relationships and the development of depression in parentally-bereaved youth. J Youth Adolescence. 2011;40(1):85–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9503-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith PJ, Strong J, Feeney JA. Attachment and chronic illness. Adult attachment variables predict depression before and after treatment for chronic pain. Eur J Pain. 2007;11(2):164–170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Hankin B. Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009;38(2):219–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802698396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin B, Kassel J, Abela J. Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2005;31(1):136–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams N, Riskind J. Adult romantic attachment and cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety and depression: examining the interpersonal basis of vulnerability models. J Cogn Psychother. 2004;18(1):7–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.18.1.7.28047.
   Google Scholar
• Widom C, Czaja S, Kozakowski S, Chauhan P. Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes?. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;76:533–545. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender A, Ingram R. Connecting attachment style to resilience: contributions of self-care and self-efficacy. Pers Individ Dif. 2018;130(1):18–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.038.
   Google Scholar
• Tosone C, McTighe J, Bauwens J, Naturale A. Shared traumatic stress and the long‐term impact of 9/11 on Manhattan clinicians. J Traum Stress. 2011;24(5):546–552. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibue Y, Kasai M. Relations between attachment, resilience, and earned security in Japanese University students. Psychol Rep. 2014;115(1):279–295. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/21.02.PR0.115c14z7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley R, Heffernan M, Vicary A, Brumbaugh C. The experiences in close relationships-relationship structures questionnaire: a method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychol Assess. 2011;23(3):615–625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swenson L, Nordstrom A, Hiester M. The role of peer relationships in adjustment to college. J Coll Stud Devt. 2008; 49(6):551–567. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny M, Sirin S. Parental attachment, self-worth, and depressive symptoms among emerging adults. J Couns Dev. 2006; 84(1):61–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00380.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstis B, Åslund C, Sonnby K. More secure attachment to the father and the mother is associated with fewer depressive symptoms in adolescents. Ups J Med Sci. 2018;123(1):62–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03009734.2018.1439552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon D, Yehuda R, Cunill R, Knutelska M, Putnam F, Smith L. Factors associated with resilience in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32(8–10):1149–1152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz K, Conrad S, Roemer L. Risk factors for deliberate self‐harm among college students. Am J Orthopsychiat. 2002;72(1):128–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan P, Cowan C, Mehta N. Adult attachment, couple attachment, and children’s adaptation to school: an integrated attachment template and family risk model. Attach Hum Dev. 2009;11(1):29–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802500222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson RB. Best friend attachment versus peer attachment in the prediction of adolescent psychological adjustment. J Adolesc. 2010;33(5):709–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olff M, Langeland W, Draijer N, Gersons BP. Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(2):183–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts AL, Gilman SE, Breslau J, Breslau N, Koenen KC. Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychol Med. 2011;41(1):71–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng X, Brunet A, Turecki G, Liu A, D'Arcy C, Caron J. Risk factor modifications and depression incidence: a 4-year longitudinal Canadian cohort of the Montreal Catchment Area Study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e015156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publication; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker JW, Susman JR. Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes. Soc Sci Med. 1988; 26(3):327–332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90397-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff LS. The CES-D scale. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977; 1(3):385–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Smith C, Ybarra M, Muntaner C, Tien A. Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). Maruish ME, ed. The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment: Instruments for Adults. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2004:363–377.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dam NT, Earleywine M. Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R): pragmatic depression assessment in the general population. Psychiat Res. 2011; 186(1):128–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• González VBA, Sierra MTC, Martínez BA, Martínez-Molina A, Ponce FP. An in-depth psychometric analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: calibration with Rasch-Andrich model. Health Qual Outcomes. 2015;13(1):154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0345-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraley RC, Niedenthal PM, Marks MJ, Brumbaugh CC, Vicary A. Adult attachment and the perception of emotional expressions: probing the hyperactivating strategies underlying anxious attachment. J Pers. 2006;74(4):1163–1190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00406.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor M, Elklit A. Attachment styles, traumatic events, and PTSD: a cross-sectional investigation of adult attachment and trauma. Attach Hum Dev. 2008; 10(1):59–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730701868597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G, Feder A, Cohen H, et al. Understanding resilience. Front Behav Neurosci. 2013;7:10. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley RC, Bonanno GA. Attachment and loss: a test of three competing models on the association between attachment-related avoidance and adaptation to bereavement. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004; 30(7):878–890. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JB, Hoicowitz T. Attachment contexts of adolescent friendship and romance. J Adolesc. 2004;27(2):191–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt LJ, Mattanah JF, Long MW. Change in parental and peer relationship quality during emerging adulthood: Implications for academic, social, and emotional functioning. J Soc Pers Relatsh. 2018;35(5):743–769. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517697856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson NS, Martell CR, Dimidjian S. Behavioral activation treatment for depression: Returning to contextual roots. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2006;8(3):255–270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.8.3.255.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggiero KJ, Morris TL, Hopko DR, Lejuez CW. Application of behavioral activation treatment for depression to an adolescent with a history of child maltreatment. Clin Case Stud. 2007;6(1):64–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650105275986.
   Google Scholar
• Lenz AS, Del Conte G, Hollenbaugh KM, Callendar K. Emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness as mechanisms of change for treatment outcomes within a DBT program for adolescents. Couns Outc Res Eval. 2016;7(2):73–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2150137816642439.
   Google Scholar
• Hardt J, Rutter M. Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 2004;45(2):260–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson CM, Fredman SJ, Dekel R. Posttraumatic stress disorder in an interpersonal context. In Beck JG, ed. Interpersonal Processes in the Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Understanding Psychopathology and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2010:179–208.
   Google Scholar