References
- Conley CS, Kirsch AC, Dickson DA, Bryant FB. Negotiating the transition to college: developmental trajectories and gender differences in psychological functioning, cognitive-affective strategies, and social well-being. Emerg Adulthood. 2014;2(3):195–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814521808.
- Klonsky E. Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychol Med. 2011;41(9):1981–1986. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002497.
- Patrick ME, Terry‐McElrath YM, Lanza ST, Jager J, Schulenberg JE, O'Malley PM. Shifting age of peak binge drinking prevalence: historical changes in normative trajectories among young adults aged 18 to 30. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(2):287–298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13933.
- Slane JD, Klump KL, McGue M, Iacono WG. Developmental trajectories of disordered eating from early adolescence to young adulthood: a longitudinal study. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(7):793–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22329.
- Bersamin MM, Zamboanga BL, Schwartz SJ, et al. Risky business: is there an association between casual sex and mental health among emerging adults? J Sex Res. 2014;51(1):43–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.772088.
- Hingson R, Heeren T, Winter M, Wechsler H. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24: changes from 1998 to 2001. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:259–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144652.
- Rieger E, Wilfley DE, Stein RI, Marino V, Crow SJ. A comparison of quality of life in obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(3):234–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20101.
- Whitlock J, Eckenrode J, Silverman D. Self-injurious behaviors in a college population. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):1939–1948. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2543.
- Reeves M, James LM, Pizzarello SM, Taylor JE. Support for Linehan’s biosocial theory from a nonclinical sample. J Pers Disord. 2010;24(3):312–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.312.
- Salsman NL, Linehan MM. An investigation of the relationships among negative affect, difficulties in emotion regulation, and features of borderline personality disorder. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2012;34(2):260–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9275-8.
- Schreiber LR, Grant JE, Odlaug BL. Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(5):651–658. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.005.
- Chapman AL. Exploring the function of deliberate self-harm: experiential avoidance and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Symposium presented at: the 38th annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy (AABT); 2004. New Orleans, LA.
- Fossati A, Gratz KL, Maffei C, Borroni S. Emotion dysregulation and impulsivity additively predict borderline personality disorder features in Italian nonclinical adolescents. Personal Ment Health. 2013;7(4):320–333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1229.
- Stepp SD, Burke JD, Hipwell AE, Loeber R. Trajectories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms as precursors of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(1):7–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9530-6.
- Armey MF, Crowther JH, Miller IW. Changes in ecological momentary assessment reported affect associated with episodes of nonsuicidal self-injury. Behav Ther. 2011;42(4):579–588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.01.002.
- Epstein DH, Willner-Reid J, Vahabzadeh M, Mezghanni M, Lin J-L, Preston KL. Real-time electronic diary reports of cue exposure and mood in the hours before cocaine and heroin craving and use. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(1):88–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.509.
- Smyth JM, Wonderlich SA, Heron KE, et al. Daily and momentary mood and stress are associated with binge eating and vomiting in bulimia nervosa patients in the natural environment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(4):629–638. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.629.
- Crowell SE, Beauchaine TP, Linehan MM. A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(3):495–510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015616.
- Ghorbani F, Khosravani V, Sharifi Bastan F, Jamaati Ardakani R. The alexithymia, emotion regulation, emotion regulation difficulties, positive and negative affects, and suicidal risk in alcohol-dependent outpatients. Psychiatry Res. 2017;252:223–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.005.
- Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA, Engel SG, Gordon KH, Kaye WH, Mitchell JE. Dimensions of emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A conceptual review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;40:111–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.010.
- Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.
- Dvorak RD, Sargent EM, Kilwein TM, Stevenson BL, Kuvaas NJ, Williams TJ. Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences: associations with emotion regulation difficulties. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(2):125–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.877920.
- Whiteside U, Chen E, Neighbors C, Hunter D, Lo T, Larimer M. Difficulties regulating emotions: do binge eaters have fewer strategies to modulate and tolerate negative affect? Eat Behav. 2007;8(2):162–169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.04.001.
- Gratz KL, Tull MT. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among inpatients with substance use disorders. Cognit Ther Res. 2010;34(6):544–553. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9268-4.
- Buckholdt KE, Parra GR, Anestis MD, et al. Emotion regulation difficulties and maladaptive behaviors: examination of deliberate self-harm, disordered eating, and substance misuse in two samples. Cogn Ther Res. 2015;39(2):140–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9655-3.
- Fox HC, Axelrod SR, Paliwal P, Sleeper J, Sinha R. Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control during cocaine abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;89(2-3):298–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.026.
- Glenn CR, Klonsky ED. Emotion dysregulation as a core feature of borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 2009;23(1):20–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2009.23.1.20.
- Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, De la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791–804. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.
- Reinert DF, Allen JP. The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(2):185–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x.
- Kokotailo PK, Egan J, Gangnon R, Brown D, Mundt M, Fleming M. Validity of the alcohol use disorders identification test in college students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(6):914–920. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000128239.87611.f5.
- Katz EC, Fromme K, D’Amico EJ. Effects of outcome expectancies and personality on young adults' illicit drug use, heavy drinking, and risky sexual behavior. Cog Ther Res. 2000;24(1):1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005460107337.
- Messman-Moore TL, Walsh KL, DiLillo D. Emotion dysregulation and risky sexual behavior in revictimization. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(12):967–976. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.06.004.
- Forbush KT, Wildes JE, Pollack LO, et al. Development and validation of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI). Psychol Assess. 2013;25(3):859–878. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032639.
- Gratz KL. Measurement of deliberate self-harm: preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2001;23(4):253–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012779403943.
- Cerutti R, Presaghi F, Manca M, Gratz KL. Deliberate self-harm behavior among Italian young adults: correlations with clinical and nonclinical dimensions of personality. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2012;82(3):298–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01169.x.
- Gratz KL, Roemer L. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among female undergraduate students at an urban commuter university. Cogn Behav Ther. 2008;37(1):14–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701819524.
- Heath N, Toste J, Nedecheva T, Charlebois A. An examination of nonsuicidal self-injury among college students. J Ment Health Couns. 2008;30(2):137–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.30.2.8p879p3443514678.
- Ogle RL, Clements CM. Deliberate self-harm and alcohol involvement in college-aged females: a controlled comparison in a nonclinical sample . Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2008;78(4):442–448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014325.
- IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh [computer software]. Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2016.
- Mplus [computer software]. Version 8. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen; 2017.
- Zareban I, Bakhshani NM, Bor MH, Bakhshani S. Emotion regulation difficulties in drug abusers. Ann Trop Med Public Health. 2017;10(6):1724. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ATMPH.ATMPH_617_17.
- Pandey R, Saxena P, Dubey A. Emotion regulation difficulties in alexithymia and mental health. Eur J Psychol. 2011;7(4):604–623.
- Cruise KE, Becerra R. Alexithymia and problematic alcohol use: a critical update. Addict Behav. 2018;77:232–246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.025.
- Sleuwaegen E, Houben M, Claes L, Berens A, Sabbe B. The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: “actions instead of words”. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;77:80–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.006.
- Van Strien T, Ouwens MA. Effects of distress, alexithymia and impulsivity on eating. Eat Behav. 2007;8(2):251–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.06.004.
- New AS, Aan Het Rot M, Ripoll LH, et al. Empathy and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: clinical and laboratory measures. J Pers Disord. 2012;26(5):660–675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.5.660.
- Webb D, McMurran M. Emotional intelligence, alexithymia and borderline personality disorder traits in young adults. Personality. 2008;2(4):265–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.48.
- Bardeen JR, Fergus TA, Orcutt HK. An examination of the latent structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2012;34(3):382–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9280-y.
- McDermott MJ, Tull MT, Gratz KL, Daughters SB, Lejuez C. The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(5):591–599. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.006.
- Hayes SC, Wilson KG, Gifford EV, Follette VM, Strosahl K. Experimental avoidance and behavioral disorders: a functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64(6):1152–1168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152.
- Linehan MM. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, NY. Guildford Press; 1993.
- Chapman AL, Gratz KL, Brown MZ. Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: the experiential avoidance model. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(3):371–394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005.
- Chawla N, Ostafin B. Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: an empirical review. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(9):871–890. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20400.
- Kingston J, Clarke S, Remington B. Experiential avoidance and problem behavior: a mediational analysis. Behav Modif. 2010;34(2):145–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445510362575.
- Reynolds BW, Basso MR, Miller AK, Whiteside DM, Combs D. Executive function, impulsivity, and risky behaviors in young adults. Neuropsychology. 2019;33(2):212–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000510.
- Coffey KA, Hartman M, Fredrickson BL. Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness. 2010;1(4):235–253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2.
- Kabat-Zinn J, Hanh TN. Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. London, UK: Delta; 2009.
- Peters, Erisman, Upton, Baer, & Roemer, 2011.
- Karyadi KA, VanderVeen JD, Cyders MA. A meta-analysis of the relationship between trait mindfulness and substance use behaviors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;143:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.014.
- Caltabiano G, Martin G. Mindless suffering: the relationship between mindfulness and non-suicidal self-injury. Mindfulness. 2017;8(3):788–796. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0657-y.
- Heath NL, Carsley D, De Riggi ME, Mills D, Mettler J. The relationship between mindfulness, depressive symptoms, and non-suicidal self-injury amongst adolescents. Arch Suicide Res. 2016;20(4):635–649. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2016.1162243.
- Galante J, Dufour G, Vainre M, et al. A mindfulness-based intervention to increase resilience to stress in university students (the mindful student study): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;3(2):72–81.
- Courbasson C, Nishikawa Y, Dixon L. Outcome of dialectical behaviour therapy for concurrent eating and substance use disorders. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2012;19(5):434–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.748.
- Bankoff SM, Karpel MG, Forbes HE, Pantalone DW. A systematic review of dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of eating disorders. Eat Disord. 2012;20(3):196–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.668478.
- Bowen S, Chawla N, Collins SE, et al. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: a pilot efficacy trial. Subst Abus. 2009;30(4):295–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070903250084.
- Godfrey KM, Gallo LC, Afari N. Mindfulness-based interventions for binge eating: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Behav Med. 2015;38(2):348–360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9610-5.