Posttraumatic stress and risky sex in trauma-exposed college students: the role of personality dispositions toward impulsive behavior

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Byrnes JP, Miller DC, Schafer WD. Gender differences in risk-taking: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999;125(3):367–383. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contractor AA, Weiss NH, Dranger P, Ruggero C, Armour C. PTSD's risky behavior criterion: Relation with DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and psychopathology. Psychiatry Res. 2017;252:215–222. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz KL, Tull MT. Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance-and mindfulness-based treatments. In: Baer RA, ed. Assessing Mindfulness and Acceptance Processes in Clients: Illuminating the Theory and Practice of Change. Oakland, CA: Context Press/New Harbinger Publications; 2010:107–133.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh CE, Hansen NB, Sullivan TP. HIV sexual risk behavior among low-income women experiencing intimate partner violence: The role of posttraumatic stress disorder. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(2):318–327. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9623-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green BL, Krupnick JL, Stockton P, Goodman L, Corcoran C, Petty R. Effects of adolescent trauma exposure on risky behavior in college women. Psychiatry. 2005;68(4):363–378. doi:10.1521/psyc.2005.68.4.363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss NH, Tull MT, Borne ME, Gratz KL. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and HIV-risk behaviors among substance-dependent inpatients. AIDS Care. 2013;25(10):1219–1226. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.764381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth‐Kewley S, Larson GE, Highfill‐McRoy RM, Garland CF, Gaskin TA. Factors associated with antisocial behavior in combat veterans. Aggressive Behav. 2010;36(5):330–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson CM, Fredman SJ, Dekel R. Posttraumatic stress disorder in an interpersonal context. In: Beck JG, ed. Interpersonal Processes in the Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Understanding Psychopathology and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2010:179–208.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein JN, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS. PTSD as a mediator between childhood rape and alcohol use in adult women. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(3):223–234. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00133-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipherd JC, Stafford J, Tanner LR. Predicting alcohol and drug abuse in Persian Gulf War veterans: What role do PTSD symptoms play? Addict Behav. 2005;30(3):595–599. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banducci AN, Hoffman EM, Lejuez CW, Koenen K. The impact of childhood abuse on inpatient substance users: Specific links with risky sex, aggression, and emotion dysregulation. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(5):928–938. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes WC, Foa EB, Sammel MD. Men’s pathways to risky sexual behavior: Role of co-occurring childhood sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression histories. J Urban Health. 2005;82(1_suppl_1):i89–i99. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messman-Moore TL, Walsh KL, DiLillo DK. Emotion dysregulation and risky sexual behavior in revictimization. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(12):967–976. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh K, Latzman NE, Latzman RD. Pathway from child sexual and physical abuse to risky sex among emerging adults: The role of trauma-related intrusions and alcohol problems. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(4):442–448. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton HE, Treisman GJ, Hunt WR, et al. HIV risk behaviors and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder among women prisoners. PS. 2001;52(4):508–513. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.508.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper ML. Alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among college students and youth: Evaluating the evidence. J Stud Alcohol Suppl. 2002;14(s14):101–117. doi:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.101.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Data Report Fall 2012. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Oswalt SB, Wyatt TJ. But I’m married: understanding relationship status and college students’ sexual behaviors. Am J Sex Educ. 2014;9(1):4–20. doi:10.1080/15546128.2013.854009.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyle RH, Fejfar MC, Miller JD. Personality and sexual risk taking: A quantitative review. J Pers. 2000;68(6):1203–1231. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhi ER, Marhefka SL, Hoban MT. The state of the union: Sexual health disparities in a national sample of US college students. J Am Coll Health. 2010;58(4):337–346. doi:10.1080/07448480903501780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg ME, Lust KA, Garcia CM. Differences in sexual behaviors among unmarried sexually active students at 2- and 4-year colleges. Res Nurs Health. 2014;37(2):128–134. doi:10.1002/nur.21586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks-Gunn J, Paikoff R. Sexuality and developmental transitions during adolescence. In: Schulenberg J, Maggs JL, Hurrelmann K, eds. Health Risks and Developmental Transitions during Adolescence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1997:190–219.
   Google Scholar
• Fromme K, Corbin WR, Kruse MI. Behavioral risks during the transition from high school to college. Dev Psychol. 2008;44(5):1497–1504. doi:10.1037/a0012614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson RD. Hooking up in young adulthood: A review of factors influencing the sexual behavior of college students. J Coll Student Psychother. 2010;24(2):98–115. doi:10.1080/87568220903558596.
   Google Scholar
• Blayney JA, Lewis MA, Kaysen D, Read JP. Examining the influence of gender and sexual motivation in college hookups. J Am Coll Health. 2018;66(8):739–746. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1440571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennison O, Wu Q, Ickes M. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus testing and associated risk factors in college students. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(5):309–318. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.899232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul EL, Hayes KA. The causalities of “causal sex”: A qualitative exploration of the phenomenology of college students’ hookups. J Soc Pers Relat. 2002;19(5):639–661. doi:10.1177/0265407502195006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen JJ, Rhoades GK, Stanley SM, Fincham FD. “Hooking up” among college students: demographic and psychosocial correlates. Arch Sex Behav. 2010;39(3):653–663. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9414-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonason PK, Li NP, Richardson J. Positioning the booty-call relationship on the spectrum of relationships: Sexual but more emotional than one-night stands. J Sex Res. 2011;48(5):486–495. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.497984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein M, Calzo JP, Smiler AP, Ward LM. “Anything from making out to having sex”: men's negotiations of hooking up and friends with benefits scripts. J Sex Res. 2009;46(5):414–424. doi:10.1080/00224490902775801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JR, Reiber C, Massey SG, Merriwether AM. Sexual hookup culture: A review. Rev Gen Psychol. 2012;16(2):161–176. doi:10.1037/a0027911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipas HH, Ullman SE. Child sexual abuse, coping responses, self-blame, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adult sexual revictimization. J Interpers Violence. 2006;21(5):652–672. doi:10.1177/0886260506286879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messman-Moore TL, Ward RM, Brown AL. Substance use and PTSD symptoms impact the likelihood of rape and revictimization in college women. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24(3):499–521. doi:10.1177/0886260508317199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munroe CD, Kibler JL, Ma M, Dollar KM, Coleman M. The relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and sexual risk: Examining potential mechanisms. Psychol Trauma. 2010;2(1):49–53. doi:10.1037/a0018960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev. 2004;111(1):33–51. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batten SV, Follette VM, Aban IB. Experimental avoidance and high-risk sexual behavior in survivors of child sexual abuse. J Child Sex Abus. 2001;10(2):101–120. doi:10.1300/j070v10n02_06.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox WM, Klinger E. A motivational model of alcohol use. J Abnorm Psychol. 1988;97(2):168–180. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock MK, Prinstein MJ. A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(5):885–890. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss NH, Tull MT, Davis LT, Searcy J, Williams I, Gratz KL. A preliminary experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity in risky behaviours. Behav Change. 2015;32(2):127–142. doi:10.1017/bec.2015.5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss NH, Tull MT, Viana AG, Anestis MD, Gratz KL. Impulsive behaviors as an emotion regulation strategy: Examining associations between PTSD, emotion dysregulation, and impulsive behaviors among substance dependent inpatients. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(3):453–458. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkley EL, Smith GT. Recent advances in understanding the personality underpinnings of impulsive behavior and their role in risk for addictive behaviors. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4(4):215–227. doi:10.2174/1874473711104040215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whiteside SP, Lynam DR. The five factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Pers Indiv Differ. 2001;30(4):669–689. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyders MA, Smith GT. Mood-based rash action and its components: Positive and negativeurgency. Pers Indiv Differ. 2007;43(4):839–850. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyders MA, Smith GT. Emotion-based dispositions to rash action: Positive and negative urgency. Psychol Bull. 2008;134(6):807–828. doi:10.1037/a0013341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deckman T, DeWall CN. Negative urgency and risky sexual behaviors: A clarification of the relationship between impulsivity and risky sexual behavior. Pers Indiv Differ. 2011;51(5):674–678. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller J, Flory K, Lynam D, Leukefeld C. A test of the four-factor model of impulsivity-related traits. Pers Indiv Differ. 2003;34(8):1403–1418. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00122-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapolski TB, Cyders MA, Smith GT. Positive urgency predicts illegal drug use and risky sexual behavior. Psychol Addict Behav. 2009;23(2):348–354. doi:10.1037/a0014684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birthrong A, Latzman RD. Aspects of impulsivity are differentially associated with risky sexual behaviors. Pers Indiv Differ. 2014;57:8–13. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon Z, Ginzburg K, Neria Y, Ohry A. Coping with war captivity: The role of sensation seeking. Eur J Pers. 1995;9(1):57–70. doi:10.1002/per.2410090105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath P, Zuckerman M. Sensation seeking, risk appraisal, and risky behavior. Pers Indiv Differ. 1993;14(1):41–52. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90173-Z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman M. Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Simons JS, Maisto SA, Wray TB. Sexual risk taking among young adult dual alcohol and marijuana users. Addict Behav. 2010;35(5):533–536. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tull MT, Weiss NH, McDermott MJ. Post-traumatic stress disorder and impulsive and risky behavior: Overview and discussion of potential mechanisms. In: Martin CR, Preedy VR, Patel VB, eds. Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. Cham, CH: Springer International Publishing; 2016:803–816.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss NH, Tull MT, Sullivan TP, Dixon-Gordon KL, Gratz KL. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and risky behaviors among trauma-exposed inpatients with substance dependence: The influence of negative and positive urgency. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;155:147–153. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latzman RD, Vaidya JG. Common and distinct associations between aggression and alcohol problems with trait disinhibition. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2013;35(2):186–196. doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9330-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogg T, Roberts BW. Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(6):887–919. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casada JH, Roache JD. Behavioral inhibition and activation in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193(2):102–109. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000152809.20938.37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Blake DD, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Marx BP, Keane TM. The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Gray MJ, Litz BT, Hsu JL, Lombardo TW. Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment. 2004;11(4):330–341. doi:10.1177/1073191104269954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. J Traumatic Stress. 2015;28(6):489–498. doi:10.1002/jts.22059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, et al. The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(3):383–395. doi:10.1037/pas0000486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmar CR, Schlenger W, Henn-Haase C, et al. Course of posttraumatic stress disorder 40 years after the Vietnam War: findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Longitudinal Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(9):875–881. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynam DR, Smith GT, Whiteside SP, Cyders MA. The UPPS-P: Assessing Five Personality Pathways to Impulsive Behavior. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Smith GT, Fischer S, Cyders MA, Annus AM, Spillane NS, McCarthy DM. On the validity and utility of discriminating among impulsivity-like traits. Assessment. 2007;14(2):155–170. doi:10.1177/1073191106295527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss NH, Tull MT, Dixon-Gordon K, Gratz KL. Assessing the negative and positive emotion-dependent nature of risky behaviors among substance dependent patients. Assessment. 2018;25(6):702–715. doi:10.1177/1073191116665906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson EH, Jackson LA, Hinkle Y, et al. What is the significance of black-white differences in risky sexual behavior? J Natl Med Assoc. 1994;86(10):745–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman PA, Zimmerman MA. Among urban African American youth: A multivariate approach. AIDS Educ Prev. 2000;12(4):308–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore AA, Overstreet C, Kendler KS, Dick DM, Adkins A, Amstadter AB. Potentially traumatic events, personality, and risky sexual behavior in undergraduate college students. Psychol Trauma. 2017;9(1):105–112. doi:10.1037/tra0000168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson JF. Moderation in management research: What, why, when and how. J Bus Psychol. 2014;29(1):1–19. doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusack SE, Hicks TA, Bourdon J, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSD among a college sample. J Am Coll Health. 2019;67(2):123–131. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1462824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read JP, Ouimette P, White J, Colder C, Farrow S. Rates of DSM-IV-TR trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among newly matriculated college students. Psychol Trauma. 2011;3(2):148–156. doi:10.1037/a0021260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner SL, Mimiaga MJ, Safren SA, Mayer KH. Stressful or traumatic life events, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and HIV sexual risk taking among men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2009;21(12):1481–1489. doi:10.1080/09540120902893258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross CP, Cyrenne DLM, Brown GR. Sex differences in sensation-seeking: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2013;3(1):2486. doi:10.1038/srep02486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shulman EP, Harden KP, Chein JM, Steinberg L. Sex differences in the developmental trajectories of impulse control and sensation-seeking from early adolescence to early adulthood. J Youth Adolesc. 2015;44(1):1–17. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0116-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen DM, Hansen M. Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model. Euro J Psychotraumatol. 2015;6(1):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Olff M. Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update. Euro J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(sup4):1351204. doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox D, Schacht C, Holt J, Turner J. Sexual lies among university students. Coll Stud J. 1993;27:269–272.
   Google Scholar
• Jonason PK, Fisher TD. The power of prestige: Why young men report having more sex partners than young women. Sex Roles. 2009;60(3–4):151–159. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9506-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolin DF, Foa EB. Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychol Bull. 2006;132(6):959–992. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DW, Davis JL, Fricker-Elhai AE. How does trauma beget trauma? Cognitions about risk in women with abuse histories. Child Maltreat. 2004;9(3):292–303. doi:10.1177/1077559504266524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coxon APM. Parallel accounts? Discrepancies between self-report (diary) and recall (questionnaire) measures of the same sexual behaviour. AIDS Care. 1999;11(2):221–234. doi:10.1080/09540129948108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim MSC, Sacks-Davis R, Aitken CK, Hocking JS, Hellard ME. Randomised controlled trial of paper, online and SMS diaries for collecting sexual behavior information from young people. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010;64(10):885–889. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.085316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuliffe TL, DiFranceisco W, Reed BR. Effects of question format and collection mode on the accuracy of retrospective surveys of health risk behavior: a comparison with daily sexual activity diaries. Health Psychol. 2007;26(1):60–67. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.1.60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Flory JD, Yehuda R. Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Alternative explanations and treatment considerations. Dialogues Clin Neuro. 2015;17(2):141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King MF, Bruner GC. Social desirability bias: A neglected aspect of validity testing. Psychol Mark. 2000;17(2):79–103. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200002)17:2<79::AID-MAR2>3.0.CO;2-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett RE, Wilson TD. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(3):231–259. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Blake DD, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Marx BP, Keane TM. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379–1391. doi:10.1037/pas0000254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Allen HK, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O'Grady KE. Prevalence and incidence of drug use among college students: An 8-year longitudinal analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017;43(6):711–718. doi:10.1080/00952990.2017.1310219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin ER, Wanklyn S, Stasiewicz PR, Coffey SF. PTSD symptom presentation among people with alcohol and drug use disorders: comparisons by substance of abuse. Addict Behav. 2018;76:188–194. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen LK, Southwick SM, Kosten TR. Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(8):1184–1190. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park MJ, Scott JT, Adams SH, Brindis CD, Irwin Jr CE. Adolescent and young adult health in the United States in the past decade: Little improvement and young adults remain worse off than adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(1):3–16. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GT, Cyders MA. Integrating affect and impulsivity: The role of positive and negative urgency in substance use risk. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;163:S3–S12. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchwood TD, Ford H, DeCoster J, Sutton M, Lochman JE. Risky sexual behavior and substance use among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2015;52:74–88. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black AC, Cooney NL, Justice AC, et al. Momentary assessment of PTSD symptoms and sexual risk behavior in male OEF/OIF/OND veterans. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:424–428. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyders MA, Zapolski TC, Combs JL, Settles RF, Fillmore MT, Smith GT. Experimental effect of positive urgency on negative outcomes from risk taking and on increased alcohol consumption. Psychol Addict Behav. 2010;24(3):367–375. doi:10.1037/a0019494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapolski TC, Settles RF, Cyders MA, Smith GT. Borderline personality disorder, bulimia nervosa, antisocial personality disorder, ADHD, substance use: Common threads, common treatment needs, and the nature of impulsivity. Indep Pract (Lutterworth). 2010;30(1):20–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donohew L, Bardo M. Designing prevention programs for sensation seeking adolescents. In: Hansen WB, Giles SM, Fearnow-Kenney MD, eds. Improving Prevention Effectiveness. Greensboro, NC: Tanglewood Research; 2000:195–203.
   Google Scholar