An examination of the mental health and academic performance of student veterans

References

• Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor. Employment situation of veterans - 2019; 2020. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/vet.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor. Employment Situation Of Veterans— 2019.; 2020. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/vet.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Vaccaro A. “It’s not one size fits all”: diversity among student veterans. J Stud Aff Res Pract. 2015;52(4):347–358. doi:10.1080/19496591.2015.1067224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacchi D. Considering student veterans on the twenty-first-century college campus. About Campus. 2012;17(2):15–21. doi:10.1002/abc.21075.
   Google Scholar
• Church TE. Returning veterans on campus with war related injuries and the long road back home. J Postsecond Educ Disabil. 2009;22(1):43–52.
   Google Scholar
• Ness BM, Rocke MR, Harrist CJ, Vroman KG. College and combat trauma: an insider's perspective of the post-secondary education experience shared by service members managing neurobehavioral symptoms. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014;35(1):147–158. doi:10.3233/NRE-141098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wansink B, Payne CR, van Ittersum K. Profiling the heroic leader: empirical lessons from combat-decorated veterans of World War II. Leadersh Q. 2008;19(5):547–555. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkey M. An emerging population: student veterans in higher education in the 21st century. J Acad Administration Higher Educ. 2016;12(1):27–39.
   Google Scholar
• Kinney AR, Eakman AM. Measuring self-advocacy skills among student veterans with disabilities: implications for success in postsecondary education. J Postsecond Educ Disabil. 2017;30(4):343–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCain K. Veterans–An untapped resource to mitigate the upcoming workforce crisis. J Am Water Works Assoc. 2012;104(8):49–54. doi:10.5942/jawwa.2012.104.0104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research. Major differences: examining student engagement by field of study - annual results 2010. National Survey of Student Engagement. http://nsse.indiana.edu/NSSE_2010_Results/pdf/NSSE_2010_AnnualResults.pdf. Published January 2010. Accessed August 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Fortney J, Curran G, Hunt J, et al. Prevalence of probable mental disorders and help-seeking behaviors among veteran and non-veteran community college students. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;38:99–104. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.09.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. How common is PTSD? https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/index.asp. Published October 2, 2016. Updated September 24, 2018. Accessed August 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Bryan CJ, Bryan AO, Hinkson KD, Jr, Bichrest M, Ahern DA. The role of depression and posttraumatic stress on university academic performance among student members and veterans. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(7):1035–1046. doi:10.1037/e522252014-041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachrach RL, Read JP. The role of posttraumatic stress and problem alcohol involvement in university academic performance. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(7):843–859. doi:10.1002/jclp.21874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruffaerts R, Mortier P, Kiekens G, et al. Mental health problems in college freshmen: prevalence and academic functioning. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:97–103. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hysenbegasi A, Hass SL, Rowland CR. The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2005;8(3):145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. American college health association-national college health assessment II: fall 2017 reference group data report. https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/NCHA-II_FALL_2017_REFERENCE_GROUP_DATA_REPORT.pdf. American College Health Association. Published 2017. Accessed August 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Bosch JB, Weaver TL, Neylan TC, Herbst E, McCaslin SE. Impact of engagement in exercise on sleep quality among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Mil Med. 2017;182(9):e1745–e1750. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-16-00385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrberg K, Dresler M, Niedermaier S, Steiger A, Genzel L. The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(12):1618–1622. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheshwari G, Shaukat F. Impact of poor sleep quality on the academic performance of medical students. Cureus. 2019;11(4):e4357. doi:10.7759/cureus.4357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeek M, Savoie M, Song M, et al. Sleep duration and academic performance among student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ. 2015;79(5):63. doi:10.5688/ajpe79563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano K, Kaczmarzyk J, Gabrieli DN, Grossman J. J. Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students. NPJ Sci Learn. 2019;4(1):16. doi:10.1038/s41539-019-0055-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyer M, Farabaugh A, Fehling K, et al. Relationship between sleep disturbance and depression, anxiety, and functioning in college students. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(9):873–880. doi:10.1002/da.22064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyraz G, Granda R, Baker CN, Tidwell LL, Waits JB. Posttraumatic stress, effort regulation, and academic outcomes among college students: a longitudinal study. J Couns Psychol. 2016;63(4):475–486. doi:10.1037/cou0000102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Lee SW, Choi K, et al. Differential mediating effects of PTSD symptom clusters on alcohol use and sleep in university students with trauma experiences: a multi-group analysis. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;85:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness BM, Middleton MJ, Hildebrandt MJ. Examining the effects of self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and positive relations with others on self-regulated learning for student service members/veterans. J Am Coll Health. 2015;63(7):448–458. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.975719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoliker BE, Lafreniere KD. The influence of perceived stress, loneliness, and learning burnout on university students’ educational experience. Coll Stud J. 2015;49(1):146–160.
   Google Scholar
• Whiteman S, Barry A, Mroczek D, MacDermid Wadsworth S. The development and implications of peer emotional support for student service members/veterans and civilian college students. J Couns Psychol. 2013;60(2):265–278. doi:10.1037/a0031650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S, Huang YC. Investigating the relationships between loneliness and learning burnout. Act Learn High Educ. 2012;13(3):231–243. doi:10.1177/1469787412452983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durdella N, Kim Y. Understanding patterns of college outcomes among student veterans. J Stud Educ. 2012;2(2):109–129. doi:10.5296/jse.v2i2.1469.
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Osborne A. Supporting resilience in the academic setting for student soldiers and veterans as an aspect of community reintegration: the design of the student veteran project study. Adv Soc Work. 2012;13(1):34–50. doi:10.18060/1870.
   Google Scholar
• Boyraz G, Owens AC, Horne SG, Armstrong AP. Academic achievement and college persistence of African American students with trauma exposure. J Couns Psychol. 2013;60(4):582–592. doi:10.1037/a0033672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd MD, Goulding J, Bryan CJ. Student veterans: a national survey exploring psychological symptoms and suicide risk. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2011;42(5):354–360. doi:10.1037/a0025164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) – standard [measurement instrument]. www.ptsd.va.gov. | http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp. National Center for PTSD. Published August 14, 2013. Accessed August 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Gray M, Litz B, Hsu J, Lombardo T. Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment. 2004;11(4):330–341. doi:10.1177/1073191104269954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. J Traumatic Stress. 2015;28(6):489–898. doi:10.1002/jts.22059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sveen J, Bondjers K, Willebrand M. Psychometric properties of the PTSD - for DSM-5: a pilot study. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2016;7(1):30165. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock M, Holmberg E, Photos V, Michel B. Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychol Assess. 2007;19(3):309–317. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Harris J, Wang S, Millner A, Deming C, Nock M. Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview—revised: development, reliability, and validity. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(7):677–689. doi:10.1037/pas0000819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297–307. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon C, Belanger L, Ivers H, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index in primary care. J Am Board Fam Med. 2013;26(6):701–710. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2013.06.130064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379–1391. doi:10.1037/pas0000254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manea L, Gilbody S, McMillan D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2012;184(3):E191–E196. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos FF, Jr, Lumadue R. Evaluating GPA and satisfaction rates for veteran populations transitioning from combat to college classroom. Focus Colleges Univ Schools. 2013;7(1):1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Westrick PA. Reliability estimates for undergraduate grade point average. Educ Assess. 2017;22(4):231–252. doi:10.1080/10627197.2017.1381554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuncel NR, Crede M, Thomas LL. The validity of self-reported grade point averages, class ranks, and test scores: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Rev Educ Res. 2005;75(1):63–82. doi:10.3102/00346543075001063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders SL, Frazier PA, Shallcross SL. Prevalence and effects of life event exposure among undergraduate and community college students. J Couns Psychol. 2012;59(3):449–457. doi:10.1037/a0027753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, Prichard JR. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(2):124–132. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Jarrett MA, Luebbe AM, Garner AA, Burns GL, Kofler MJ. Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health. 2018;4(2):174–181. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gress‐Smith JL, Roubinov DS, Andreotti C, Compas BE, Luecken LJ. Prevalence, severity and risk factors for depressive symptoms and insomnia in college undergraduates. Stress Health. 2015;31(1):63–70. doi:10.1002/smi.2509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeViva JC, Zayfert C, Mellman TA. Factors associated with insomnia among civilians seeking treatment for PTSD: an exploratory study. Behav Sleep Med. 2004;2(3):162–176. doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0203_5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 17-5044, NSDUH Series H-52). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Selby EA, Anestis MD, Bender TW, et al. Overcoming the fear of lethal injury: evaluating suicidal behavior in the military through the lens of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(3):298–307. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley MT. Increasing resilience: strategies for reducing drop-out rates for college students with psychiatric disabilities. Am J Psychiatr Rehabil. 2010;13(4):295–315. doi:10.1080/15487768.2010.523372.
   Google Scholar
• Widome R, Laska MN, Gulden A, Fu SS, Lusk K. Health risk behaviors of Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans attending college. Am J Health Promot. 2011;26(2):101–108. doi:10.4278/ajhp.090826-QUAN-278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schudde L, Scott-Clayton J. Pell grants as performance-based scholarships? An examination of satisfactory academic progress requirements in the nation's largest need-based aid program. Res High Educ. 2016;57(8):943–967. doi:10.1007/s11162-016-9413-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindo J, Sanders N, Oreopoulos P. Ability, gender, and performance standards: evidence from academic probation. Am Econ J Appl Econ. 2010;2(2):95–117. doi:10.1257/app.2.2.95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coll JE, Weiss EL, Yarvis JS. No one leaves unchanged: insights for civilian mental health care professionals into the military experience and culture. Soc Work Health Care. 2011;50(7):487–500. doi:10.1080/00981389.2010.528727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar