References
- Bhala N, Curry G, Martineau AR, Agyemang C, Bhopal R. Sharpening the global focus on ethnicity and race in the time of COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1673–1676. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31102-8.
- Khunti K, Singh AK, Pareek M, Hanif W. Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of COVID-19? BMJ. 2020;369:m1548. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1548.
- Yancy CW. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020;323:1891–1892. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6548.
- Hooper MW, Napoles AM, Perez-Stable EJ. COVID-19 and racial/ethnic disparities. JAMA. 2020;323:2466–2467. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8598.
- Raifman MA, Raifman JR. Disparities in the population at risk of severe illness from COVID-19 by race/ethnicity and income. Am J Prev Med. 2020;59:137–139. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.003.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional death counts for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Weekly state-specific data updates by select demographic and geographic characteristics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid_weekly/. Updated June 2020.
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Trump administration issues call to action based on new data detailing COVID-19 impacts on Medicare beneficiaries. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration-issues-call-action-based-new-data-detailing-covid-19-impacts-medicare. Updated June 2020.
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre. ICNARC report on COVID-19 in critical care. https://www.icnarc.org/Our-Audit/Audits/Cmp/Reports. Updated May 2020.
- Rho HJ, Brown H, Fremstad S. A basic demographic profile of workers in frontline industries. Center for Economic and Policy Research. 2020. https://cepr.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020-04-Frontline-Workers.pdf.
- Holmes EA, O'Connor RC, Perry VH, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for the mental health science. Lancet Psychiatr. 2020;7(6):547–560. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1.
- Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;52:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066.
- Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:779–788. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.
- Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatr Res. 2020;287:112934–112935. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
- Corine A. Reducing nursing student anxiety in the clinical setting: An integrative review. Nurs Educ Persp. 2020;41:229–234. doi:10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000633.
- Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological response and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. IJERPH. 2020;17(5):1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
- DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith C. US Census Bureau, current population reports, P60-236, income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2008. 2009. https://www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/p60-236.pdf.
- Noël RA. Race, economics, and social status. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2018. https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2018/race-economics-and-social-status/pdf/race-economics-and-social-status.pdf.
- Wilson V. Black unemployment is at least twice as high as white unemployment at the national level and in 14 states and the District of Columbia. Economic Policy Institute. 2019. https://www.epi.org/publication/valerie-figures-state-unemployment-by-race/.
- Wilson V, Rodgers WM. III. Black-white wage gaps expand with rising wage inequality. Economic Policy Institute. 2016. https://www.epi.org/publication/black-white-wage-gaps-expand-with-rising-wage-inequality/.
- Bower KM, Thorpe RJ, Rohde C, Gaskin DJ. The intersection of neighborhood racial segregation, poverty, and urbanicity and its impact on food store availability in the United States. Prev Med. 2014;58:33–39. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.10.010.
- Larson NI, Story MT, Nelson MC. Neighborhood environments: Disparities in access to healthy foods in the US. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36:74–81. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.025.
- Powell LM, Slater S, Mirtcheva D, Bao Y, Chaloupka FJ. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Prev Med. 2007;44(3):189–195. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.08.008.
- Chowkwanyun M, Reed AL. Racial health disparities and COVID-19- Caution and context. New England J Med. 2020;383:201–203. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2012910.
- McGuire TG, Miranda J. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care: Evidence and policy implications. Health Affairs. 2008;27:393–403. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.393.
- Kim Y, Pavlish C, Evangelista LS, Kopple JD, Phillips LR. Racial/ethnic differences in illness perceptions in minority patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Nephrol Nurs J. 2012;39:39–49.
- Ledford CJ, Seehusen DA, Crawford PF. Geographic and race/ethnicity differences in patient perceptions of diabetes. J Prim Care Community Health. 2019;10:215013271984581–215013271984585. doi:10.1177/2150132719845819.
- Faulkner J, Schaller M, Park JH, Duncan LA. Evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary xenophobic attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 2004;7(4):333–353. doi:10.1177/1368430204046142.
- Schaller M, Murray DR, Bangerter A. Implications of the behavioural immune system for social behaviour and human health in the modern world. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2015;370(1669):20140105. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0105.
- Schaller M, Park JH. The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2011;20(2):99–103. doi:10.1177/0963721411402596.
- Conway IIL, Woodard SR, Zubrod A. Social psychological measurements of COVID-19: Coronavirus perceived threat, government response, impacts, and experiences questionnaires. doi:10.31234/osf.io/z2x9a.Published April 7, 2020.
- Grasso DJ, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Ford JD, Carter AS. The Epidemic – Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII). https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/toolkit_content/PDF/Grasso_EPII.pdf. Published April 7, 2020.
- Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983;24:385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404.
- Örücü MC, Demir A. Psychometric evaluation of Perceived Stress Scale for Turkish university students. Stress and Health. 2009;25(1):103–109. doi:10.1002/smi.1218.
- Broadbent E, Petrie KJ, Main J, Weinman J. The brief illness perception questionnaire. J Psychosomatic Res. 2006;60:631–637. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020.
- Miller GE, Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Brody GH, Chen E. Viral challenge reveals further evidence of skin-deep resilience in African Americans from disadvantaged backgrounds. Health Psychol. 2016;35:1225–1234. doi:10.1037/hea0000398.
- Tsai W, Lu Q. Culture, emotion suppression and disclosure, and health. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2018;12(3):e12373–13. doi:10.1111/spc3.12373US.
- Joseph NT, Peterson LM, Gordon H, Kamarck TW. The double burden of racial discrimination in daily-life moments: Increases in negative emotions and depletion of psychosocial resources among emerging adult African Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychol. 2020. [published online ahead of print April 5, doi:10.1037/cdp0000337.
- Lewis TT, Cogburn CD, Williams DR. Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: Scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annual Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:407–440. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728.
- Smith HJ, Huo YJ. Relative deprivation: How subjective experiences of inequality influence social behavior and health. Policy Insights from the Behavioral Brain Sci. 2014;1(1):231–238. doi:10.1177/2372732214550165.
- Joseph NT, Matthews KA, Myers HF. Conceptualizing health consequences of Hurricane Katrina from the perspective of socioeconomic status decline. Health Psychol. 2014;33(2):139–146. doi:10.1037/a0031661.
- O'Brien EL, Hess TM, Kornadt AE, Rothermund K, Fung H, Voss P. Context influences on the subjective experience of aging: The impact of culture and domains of functioning. Gerontologist. 2017;57:S127–S137. doi:10.1093/geront/gnx015.
- Klein CTF, Helweg-Larsen M. Perceived control and the optimistic bias: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Health. 2002;17(4):437–446. doi:10.1080/0887044022000004920.
- Chang EC, Asakawa K, Sanna LJ. Cultural variations in optimistic and pessimistic bias: Do Easterners really expect the worst and Westerners really expect the best when predicting future life events? J Personality Soc Psychol. 2001;81:476–491. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.476.
- Constant AF. The healthy immigrant paradox and health convergence. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 6692. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3074307. Published November 2017.