Factors associated with stress impacting academic success among post-secondary students: A systematic review

References

• Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York, NY: Springer; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Shahsavarani AM, Azad Marzabadi E, Hakimi Kalkhoran M. Stress: facts and theories through literature review. Int J Med Rev. 2015;2:230–241.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus RS. Psychological stress and coping in adaptation and illness. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1974;5:321–333. doi:10.2190/T43T-84P3-QDUR-7RTP.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H. The Stress of Life. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Kadzikowska-Wrzosek R. Perceived stress, emotional ill-being and psychosomatic symptoms in high school students: the moderating effect of self-regulation competences. Arch Psychiatry Psychother. 2012;14:25–33.
   Google Scholar
• Dusselier L, Dunn B, Wang Y, Shelley MC, Whalen DF. Personal, health, academic, and environmental predictors of stress for residence hall students. J Am Coll Health. 2005;54(1):15–24. doi:10.3200/JACH.54.1.15-24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CL, Armeli S, Tennen H. The daily stress and coping process and alcohol use among college students. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65(1):126–135. doi:10.15288/jsa.2004.65.126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovier PA, Chamot E, Perneger TV. Perceived stress, internal resources, and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(1):161–170. doi:10.1023/B:QURE.0000015288.43768.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams TB, Wharton CM, Quilter L, Hirsch T. The association between mental health and acute infectious illness among a national sample of 18- to 24-year-old college students. J Am Coll Health. 2008;56:657–664. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.6.657-664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett JJ. Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties. New York NY: Oxford University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Keyes CL, Eisenberg D, Perry GS, Dube SR, Kroenke K, Dhingra SS. The relationship of level of positive mental health with current mental disorders in predicting suicidal behavior and academic impairment in college students. J Am Coll Health. 2012;60:126–133. doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.608393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Settersten RA, Furstenberg FF, Rumbaut RG, eds. On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Linden B, Stuart H. Post-secondary stress and mental well-being: a scoping review of the academic literature. Can J Community Ment Heal. 2020;39(1):1–32. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2020-002.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt J, Eisenberg D. Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(1):3–10. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKean G. Mental Health and Well-Being in Post-Secondary Education Settings: Pre-Conference Workshop. Toronto, ON: Canadian Association of College and University Student Services; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Data Report Fall 2012. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Data Report Fall 2018. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Miczo N, Miczo LA, Johnson M. Parental support, perceived stress, and illness related variables among first-year college students. J Fam Commun. 2006;6:97–117. doi:10.1207/s15327698jfc0602_1.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77:534–542. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:323–337. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DJ, Vatthauer KE, Bramoweth AD, Ruggero C, Roane B. The role of sleep in predicting college academic performance: is it a unique predictor? Behav Sleep Med. 2013;11:159–172. doi:10.1080/15402002.2011.602776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlaf EM, Demers A, Gliksman L. Canadian Campus Survey 2004. Toronto, ON: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsbury JH, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M. The effects of social and health consequence framing on heavy drinking intentions among college students. Br J Health Psychol. 2015;20(1):212–220. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase A, Steptoe A, Sallis JF, Wardle J. Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development. Prev Med. 2004;39(1):182–190. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holinka C. Stress, emotional intelligence, and life satisfaction in college students. Coll Stud J. 2015;49:300–311.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien AP, Cho MAA, Lew AM, et al. The need for mental health promotion and early intervention services for higher education students in Singapore. Int J Ment Health Promot. 2008;10:42–48. doi:10.1080/14623730.2008.9721768.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier P, Gabriel A, Merians A, Lust K. Understanding stress as an impediment to academic performance. J Am Coll Health. 2019;67:562–570. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1499649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoliker BE, Lafreniere KD. The influence of perceived stress, loneliness, and learning burnout on university students' educational experience. Coll Stud J. 2015;49(1):146–160.
   Google Scholar
• Pluut H, Curşeu PL, Ilies R. Social and study related stressors and resources among university entrants: effects on well-being and academic performance. Learn Individ Differ. 2015;37:262–268. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken ND. College student performance, satisfaction and retention: specification and estimation of a structural model. J Higher Educ. 1982;53(1):32–50. doi:10.1080/00221546.1982.11780423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honicke T, Broadbent J. The influence of academic self-efficacy on academic performance: a systematic review. Educ Res Rev. 2016;17:63–84. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junco R. Student class standing, Facebook use, and academic performance. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2015;36:18–29. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass CR, Westmont CM. Comparative effects of belongingness on the academic success and cross-cultural interactions of domestic and international students. Int J Intercult Rel. 2014;38:106–119. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith E. Can higher education compensate for society? Modelling the determinants of academic success at university. Br J Sociol Educ. 2016;37:970–992. doi:10.1080/01425692.2014.987728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey TH, Phillips LJ. The influence of motivation and adaptation on students’ subjective well-being, meaning in life and academic performance. High Educ Res Dev. 2016;35:201–216. doi:10.1080/07294360.2015.1087474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarcon GM, Edwards JM, Clark PC. Coping strategies and first year performance in postsecondary education. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2013;43:1676–1685. doi:10.1111/jasp.12120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multon KD, Brown SD, Lent RW. Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: a meta-analytic investigation. J Educ Psychol. 1991;38(1):30–38. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.1.30.
   Google Scholar
• Stupnisky RH, Perry RP, Renaud RD, Hladkyj S. Looking beyond grades: comparing self-esteem and perceived academic control as predictors of first-year college students' well-being. Learn Individ Differ. 2013;23:151–157. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunstein A, McGrath M, Pescatrice D. Measuring the impact of financial factors on college persistence. J Coll Stud Ret. 2000;2:191–203. doi:10.2190/0TTM-U8RA-V8FX-FYVA.
   Google Scholar
• Torres V, Gross JPK, Dadashova A. Traditional-age students becoming at-risk: does working threaten college students’ academic success? J Coll Stud Ret. 2010;12(1):51–68. doi:10.2190/CS.12.1.d.
   Google Scholar
• Ishitani TT, DesJardins SL. A longitudinal investigation of dropout from college in the United States. J Coll Stud Ret. 2002;4:173–201. doi:10.2190/V4EN-NW42-742Q-2NTL.
   Google Scholar
• Joo SH, Durband DB, Grable J. The academic impact of financial stress on college students. J Coll Stud Ret. 2008;10:287–305. doi:10.2190/CS.10.3.c.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer R, McCloud L, Hodson R. Debt and graduation from American universities. Soc Forces. 2012;90:1133–1155. doi:10.1093/sf/sos072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna LW. The contribution of financial aid to undergraduate persistence. J Stud Financ Aid. 1998;28:25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Lam L. Assessing Financial Aid Impacts on Time-to-Degree for Nontransfer Undergraduate Students at a Large Urban Public University. Seattle, WA: Association for Institutional Research Annual Forum; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Harris PJ, Campbell Casey SA, Westbury T, Florida-James G. Assessing the link between stress and retention and the existence of barriers to support service use within HE. J Furth High Educ. 2016;40:824–845. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2015.1014316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor R, Baik C, Arkoudis S. Identifying attrition risk based on the first year experience. High Educ Res Dev. 2018;37:328–342. doi:10.1080/07294360.2017.1370438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braxton JM, Hirschy AS, McClendon SA. Understanding and Reducing College Student Departure. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Research Report Series. Vol. 30. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Carey K. Choosing to Improve: Voices from Colleges and Universities with Better Graduation Rates. Washington, DC: The Education Trust; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Tinto V. Dropout from higher education: a theoretical synthesis of recent research. Rev Educ Res. 1975;45(1):89–125. doi:10.3102/00346543045001089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble K, Flynn N, Lee J, Hilton D. Predicting successful college experiences: evidence from a first-year retention program. J Coll Stud Ret. 2007;9(1):39–60. doi:10.2190/6841-42JX-X170-8177.
   Google Scholar
• Künsting J, Lipowsky F. Studienwahlmotivation und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften als Prädiktoren für Zufriedenheit und Strategienutzung im Lehramtsstudium [Motivation for choosing a teacher education program and personality traits as predictors for study satisfaction and strategy use]. Z Pädagogische Psychol. 2011;25:105–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambel MJ, Curral L. Stress in academic life: work characteristics as predictors of student well-being and performance. Appl Psychol. 2005;54(1):135–147. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00200.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly J, LaVergne D, Boone H, Boone D. Perceptions of college students on social factors that influence student matriculation. Coll Stud J. 2012;46:653–664.
   Google Scholar
• Trapmann S, Hell B, Hirn JOW, Schuler H. Meta-analysis of the relationship between the big five and academic success at university. J Psychol. 2007;215:132–151. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.215.2.132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum S, Ma J. Education Pays: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society (Trends in Higher Education Series). Mount Vernon, IL: The College Board; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Schomburg H, Teichler U. Higher Education and Graduate Employment in Europe: Results from Graduates Surveys from Twelve Countries. Vol. 15. London, UK: Springer Science & Business Media; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, PRISMA-P Group, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aromataris E, Munn Z, eds. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual. Adelaide. Australia: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017. Available at: https://reviewersmanual.joannabriggs.org/. Updated 2007. Accessed September 2018.
   Google Scholar
• von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, STROBE Initiative The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:573–577. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. CASP qualitative checklist. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Available at: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018.pdf. Updated 2018. Accessed October 2019.
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill MM, Sarah R, Lamb JT. Using NVivo™ for literature reviews: the eight step pedagogy (N7 + 1). Qual Rep. 2018;23:21–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders-Scott D, Braley MB, Stennes-Spidahl N. Stennes-Spidahl N. Traditional and psychological factors associated with academic success: investigating best predictors of college retention. Motiv Emot. 2018;42:459–465. doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9660-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirkhan JH, Kofman YB. Stress overload as a red flag for freshman failure and attrition. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2018;54:297–308. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen DE. Parental autonomy support and college student academic outcomes. J Child Fam Stud. 2017;26:2589–2601. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0750-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson VE. An alternative to traditional GPA for evaluating student performance. Statist Sci. 1997;12:251–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattison E, Grodsky E, Muller C. Is the sky falling? Grade inflation and the signaling power of grades. Educ Res. 2013;42:259–265. doi:10.3102/0013189X13481382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorke M. 2007. Grading Student Achievement in Higher Education: Signals and Shortcomings. London, UK: Routledge; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• De Soto W, Tajalli H, Pino N, Smith CL. The effect of college students’ religious involvement on their academic ethic. Relig Educ. 2018;45(2):190–207. doi:10.1080/15507394.2018.1425077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dea RE, Lagisz M, Jennions MD, Nakagawa S. Gender differences in individual variation in academic grades fail to fit expected patterns for STEM. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3777. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06292-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell M, Lehman A. Predicting student satisfaction with academic advising. The Mentor Acad Advis J. 2008;10(1):1.
   Google Scholar
• Neuenschwander MP, Vida M, Garrett JL, Eccles JS. Parents' expectations and students' achievement in two western nations. Int J Behav Dev. 2007;31:594–602. doi:10.1177/0165025407080589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams DR, Meyers SA, Beidas RS. The relationship between financial strain, perceived stress, psychological symptoms, and academic and social integration in undergraduate students. J Am Coll Health. 2016;64:362–370. doi:10.1080/07448481.2016.1154559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson C. A Primer in Positive Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson BL, Losada MF. Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. Am Psychol. 2005;60:678–686. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saklofske DH, Austin EJ, Mastoras SM, Beaton L, Osborne SE. Relationships of personality, affect, emotional intelligence and coping with student stress and academic success: different patterns of association for stress and success. Learn Individ Differ. 2012;22:251–257. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.02.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano WG, Eisenberg N. Agreeableness: a dimension of personality. In: Hogan R, Johnson J, Briggs S, eds. Handbook of Personality Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Costa JP, McCrae RR. Trait psychology comes of age. In: Berman JJ, Sonderegger TB, eds. Psychology and Aging: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press; 1991:1992.
   Google Scholar
• Heintzelman SJ. Eudaimonia in the contemporary science of subjective well-being: psychological well-being, self-determination, and meaning in life. In: Diener E, Oishi S, Tay L, eds. Handbook of Well-Being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Orpana H, Vachon J, Dykxhoorn J, McRae L, Jayaraman G. Monitoring positive mental health and its determinants in Canada: the development of the Positive Mental Health Surveillance Indicator Framework. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2016;36(1):1–10. doi:10.24095/hpcdp.36.1.01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryza-Lacombe M, Tanzini E, O’Neill S. Hedonic and eudaimonic motives: associations with academic achievement and negative emotional states among urban college students. J Happiness Stud. 2019;20:1323–1341. doi:10.1007/s10902-018-9994-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beccaria L, Rogers C, Burton L, Beccaria G. Role of health-promoting behaviours for on-campus and distance education students. Dist Educ. 2016;37(1):22–40. doi:10.1080/01587919.2016.1158768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Kemp S. The relationships between student debt and motivation, happiness, and academic achievement. NZ J Psychol. 2009;38:24–29.
   Google Scholar
• Robotham D. Stress among higher education students: towards a research agenda. High Educ. 2008;56:735–746. doi:10.1007/s10734-008-9137-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun H, Marin MR, Schwartz JP, Pham A, Castro-Olivo SM. Psychosociocultural structural model of college success among Latina/o students in Hispanic-serving institutions. J Divers High Educ. 2016;9:385–400. doi:10.1037/a0039881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy GJ, Tuckman BW. An exploration into the influence of academic and social values, procrastination, and perceived school belongingness on academic performance. Soc Psychol Educ. 2013;16:435–470. doi:10.1007/s11218-013-9220-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajares F. Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Rev Educ Res. 1996;66:543–578. doi:10.3102/00346543066004543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney JS, Torres Campos CM, Padilla Kallemeyn DM, Kim C. Processes and outcomes of a mentoring program for Latino college freshmen. J Soc Issues. 2011;67:599–621. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01716.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier MS, Vallerand RJ, Guay F. Academic motivation and school performance: toward a structural model. Contemp Educ Psychol. 1995;20:257–274. doi:10.1006/ceps.1995.1017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowell L, Hong E. Academic motivation: concepts, strategies, and counseling approaches. Prof Sch Couns. 2013;16:158–171.
   Google Scholar
• Duckworth AL, Quinn PD, Seligman ME. Positive predictors of teacher effectiveness. J Posit Psychol. 2009;4:540–547. doi:10.1080/17439760903157232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neal CR, Espino MM, Goldthrite A, et al. Grit under duress: stress, strengths, and academic success among non-citizen and citizen Latina/o first-generation college students. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2016;38:446–466. doi:10.1177/0739986316660775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiekens G, Claes L, Demyttenaere K, et al. Lifetime and 12-month nonsuicidal self-injury and academic performance in college freshmen. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2016;46:563–576. doi:10.1111/sltb.12237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkhanis A, Holleran KM, Jones SR. Dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor signaling in preclinical models of alcohol, drug, and food addiction. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2017;136:53–88. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakland T, Harrison P. Adaptive behaviors and skills: an introduction. In: Oakland T, Harrison P, eds. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II: Clinical Uses and Interpretations. New York, NY: Elsevier; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• George D, Dixon S, Stansal E, Gelb SL, Pheri T. Time diary and questionnaire assessment of factors associated with academic and personal success among university undergraduates. J Am Coll Health. 2008;56:706–715. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.6.706-715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele R, Lauder W, Caperchione C, Anastasi J. An exploratory study of the concerns of mature access to nursing students and the coping strategies used to manage these adverse experiences. Nurse Educ Today. 2005;25:573–581. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2005.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kausar R. Perceived stress, academic workloads and use of coping strategies by university students. J Behav Sci. 2010;20(1):31–45.
   Google Scholar
• Sampl J, Maran T, Furtner MR. A randomized controlled pilot intervention study of a Mindfulness-Based Self-Leadership Training (MBSLT) on stress and performance. Mindfulness (N Y). 2017;8:1393–1407. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0715-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam R. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• DeBerard MS, Spielmans GI, Julka DL. Predictors of academic achievement and retention among college freshmen: a longitudinal study. Coll Stud J. 2004;38(1):66–80.
   Google Scholar
• Cutrona CE, Cole V, Colangelo N, Assouline SG, Russell DW. Perceived parental social support and academic achievement: an attachment theory perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66:369–378. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.2.369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borman GD, Rachuba LT. Academic Success among Poor and Minority Students: An Analysis of Competing Models of School Effects. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Cazan AM, Năstasă LE. Emotional intelligence, satisfaction with life and burnout among university students. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2015;180:1574–1578. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.309.
   Google Scholar
• Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education: theory. In: Research, and Practice. 4th ed. San Francisco, CA: Wiley; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Wasylkiw L. Students’ perspectives on pathways to university readiness and adjustment. J Educ Train Stud. 2015;4:28–39.
   Google Scholar