Mortality Salience and Positive Affect Influence Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Peers with Physical Disabilities: Terror Management and Broaden and Build Theories

References

• Antonak , R. F. , & Livneh , H. ( 2000 ). Measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities . Disability and Rehabilitation: An International Multidisciplinary Journal , 22 , 211 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt , J. , Greenberg , J. , Schimel , J. , Pyszczynski , T. , & Solomon , S. ( 2002 ). To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 , 26 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt , J. , Schimel , J. , & Goldenberg , J. L. ( 2003 ). Death can be good for your health: Fitness intentions as a proximal and distal defense against mortality salience . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 33 , 1726 – 1746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry , C. M. , & Wentzel , K. R. ( 2006 ). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics . Developmental Psychology , 42 , 153 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Naim , S. , Aviv , G. , & Hirschberger , G. ( 2008 ). Strained interactions: Evidence that interpersonal contact moderates the death-disability rejection link . Rehabilitation Psychology , 53 , 464 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blos , P. ( 1962 ). On adolescence: A psychoanalytic interpretation . New York , NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. , Gardner , W. L. , & Bernston , G. G. ( 1999 ). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 , 839 – 855 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , W. C. ( 2004 ). Adolescent interpersonal relationship quantity and quality, belongingness and loneliness . Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences , 64 , 3953 .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. C. ( 1980 ). Friendship and the peer group in adolescence . In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 408 – 431 ). New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• DeWall , C. N. , & Baumeister , R. F. (2007). From terror to joy: Automatic tuning to positive affective information following mortality salience. Psychological Science , 18, 984–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. , Isen , A. M. , Rust , M. , & Guerra , P. ( 1998 ). Positive affect, cognition, and the reduction of intergroup bias . In C. Sedikides , J. Schopler , & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 337 – 366 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Dood , A. N. , & Ecker , B. P. ( 1970 ). Stigma and compliance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 14 , 302 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada , C. A. , Isen , A. M. , & Young , M. J. ( 1997 ). Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 72 , 117 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faircloth , B. S. , & Hamm , J. V. ( 2005 ). Sense of belonging among high school students representing 4 ethnic groups . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 34 , 293 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folsom-Meek , S. L. , Nearing , R. J. , Groteluschen , W. , & Krampf , H. ( 1999 ). Effects of academic major, gender, and hand-on experience on attitudes of preservice professionals . Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly , 16 , 389 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. ( 1998 ). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology , 2 , 300 – 319 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. , & Branigan , C. ( 2001 ). Positive emotions . In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonnano (Eds.), Emotion: Current issues and future directions (pp. 123 – 151 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg , J. L. , McCoy , S. K. , Pyszczynski , T. , Greenberg , J. , & Solomon , S. ( 2000 ). The body as a source of self-esteem: The effects of mortality salience on identification with one's body, interest in sex, and appearance monitoring . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 , 118 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Arndt , J. , Simon , L. , Pyczszynski , T. , & Solomon , S. ( 2000 ). Proximal and distal defenses in response to reminders of one's mortality: Evidence of a temporal sequence . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 , 91 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Pyszczynski , T. , Solomon , S. , Rosenblatt , A. , Veeder , M. , Kirkland , S. , & Lyon , D. ( 1990 ). Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 , 308 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Pyszczynski , T. , Solomon , S. , Simon , L. , & Breus , M. ( 1994 ). Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thought in mortality salience effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 , 627 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haag-Granello , D. , & Wheaton , J. E. ( 2001 ). Attitudes of undergraduate students toward persons with physical disabilities and mental illnesses . Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling , 32 , 9 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Hargie , O. D. W. , Dickson , D. A. , & Rainey , S. ( 2002 ). Religious difference, inter-group trust, attraction, and disclosure amongst young people in Northern Ireland . International Journal of Adolescence and Youth , 10 , 213 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. , Simon , L. , Greenberg , J. , Pyszczynski , T. , Solomon , S. , & McGregor , H. ( 1997 ). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 , 24 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemiel , M. (1986). Children's attitudes towards persons with disability as a function of age—Cognitive development and parents' attitudes. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschberger , G. ( 2006 ). Terror management and attributions of blame to innocent victims: Reconciling compassionate and defensive responses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 , 832 – 844 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschberger , G. , Ein-Dor , T. , & Almakias , S. ( 2008 ). The self-protective altruist: Terror management and the ambivalent nature of prosocial behavior . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 , 666 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschberger , G. , Florian , V. , & Mikulincer , M. ( 2005 ). Fear and compassion: A terror management analysis of emotional reactions to physical disability . Rehabilitation Psychology , 50 , 246 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , C. S. , & Hunt , B. ( 2004 ). Changing attitudes toward people with disabilities: Experimenting with an educational intervention . Journal of Managerial Issues , 16 , 266 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. ( 1999 ). Positive affect . In T. Dagleish & M. Power (Eds.), The handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 521 – 539 ). Sussex , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. ( 2000 ). Some perspectives on positive affect and self-regulation . Psychological Inquiry , 11 , 184 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. , & Daubman , K. A. ( 1984 ). The influence of affect on categorization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 , 1206 – 1217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joireman , J. , & Duell , B. ( 2005 ). Mother Teresa versus Ebenezer Scrooge: Mortality salience leads proselfs to endorse self-transcendent values (unless proselfs are reassured) . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31 , 307 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas , E. , Schimel , J. , Greenberg , J. , & Pyszczynski , T. ( 2002 ). The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 28 , 1342 – 1353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau , M. J. , Johns , M. , Greenberg , J. , Pyszczynski , T. , Martens , A. , Goldenberg , J. , & Solomon , S. ( 2004 ). A function of form: Terror management and structuring the social world . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87 , 190 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larden , M. , Melin , L. , Holst , U. , & Langstrom , N. ( 2006 ). Moral judgment, cognitive distortions and empathy in incarcerated delinquent and community control adolescent . Psychology, Crime and Law , 12 , 453 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livneh , H. ( 1985 ). Death attitudes and their relationship to perceptions of physically disabled persons . Journal of Rehabilitation , 51 , 38 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcia , J. E. ( 1980 ). Identity in adolescence . In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159 – 187 ). New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• McDougall , J. , DeWit , D. J. , King , G. , Miller , L. T. , & Killip , S. ( 2004 ). High school-aged youths' attitudes toward their peers with disabilities: The role of school and student interpersonal factors . International Journal of Disability, Development and Education , 51 , 287 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• McGregor , H. A. , Lieberman , J. D. , Greenberg , J. , Solomon , S. , Arndt , J. , Simon , L. , & Pyszczynski , T. ( 1998 ). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience promotes aggression against worldview threatening others . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 , 590 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , B. S. , & Isen , A. M. ( 1990 ). Affect and social behavior . In B. S. Moore & A. M. Isen (Eds.), Affect and social behavior (pp. 1 – 21 ). New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nabors , L. A. , & Larson , E. R. (2002). The effect of brief interventions on children's playmate preferences for a child sitting in a wheelchair. Journal of Development and Physical Disabilities , 14, 403–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabors , L. A. , & Lehmkuhl , H. D. ( 2005 ). Young adults' perceptions of children with cerebral palsy . Rehabilitation Psychology , 50 , 292 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowicki , E. , & Sandieson , R. ( 2002 ). A meta-analysis of school-aged children's attitudes towards persons with physical and intellectual disabilities . International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education , 49 , 243 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , J. H. , Faulkner , J. , & Schaller , M. ( 2003 ). Evolved disease-avoidance processes and contemporary anti-social behavior: Prejudicial attitudes and avoidance of people with physical disabilities . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 27 , 65 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson , G. E. B. ( 2005 ). Developmental perspectives on prosocial and aggressive motives in preschoolers' peer interactions . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 29 , 80 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyszczynski , T. , Greenberg , J. , & Solomon , S. ( 1999 ). A dual process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory . Psychological Review , 106 , 835 – 845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffaelli , M. ( 1997 ). Young adolescents' conflicts with siblings and friends . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 26 , 539 – 558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ric , F. ( 2004 ). Effects of the activation of affective information on stereotyping: When sadness increases stereotype use . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 , 1310 – 1321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt , A. , Greenberg , J. , Solomon , S. , Pyszczynski , T. , & Lyon , D. ( 1989 ). Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 , 681 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubman - Ben-Ari , O. , Florian , V. , & Mikulincer , M. ( 1999 ). The impact of mortality salience on reckless driving: A test of terror management mechanisms . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 , 35 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubman - Ben-Ari , O. , Findler , L. , & Mikulincer , M. ( 2002 ). The effects of mortality salience on relationship strivings and beliefs: The moderating role of attachment style . British Journal of Social Psychology , 41 , 419 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urada , M. , & Miller , N. ( 2000 ). The impact of positive mood and category importance on crossed categorization effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 , 417 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilchinsky , N. , & Findler , L. ( 2004 ). Attitudes towards Israel's equal rights for people with disabilities law: A multiperspective approach . Rehabilitation Psychology , 49 , 309 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , S. ( 2005 ). Gender differences in the relationship between young children's peer-related social competence and individual differences in theory of mind . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 166 , 297 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner , P. , & Davidson , M. ( 2004 ). Emotional reactions of lay persons to someone with Alzheimer's disease . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 , 391 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuker , H. E. ( 1988 ). The effects of contact on attitudes toward disabled persons: Some empirical generalizations . In H. E. Yuker (Ed.), Attitudes towards persons with disabilities (pp. 262 – 274 ). New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar