1,295
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Gratitude, psychological well-being, and perceptions of posttraumatic growth in adults who lost a parent in childhood

&

References

  • Agid, O., Shapira, B., Zislin, J., Ritsner, M., Hanin, B., Murad, H., … Lerer, B. (1999). Environment and vulnerability to major psychiatric illness: A case control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 4(2), 163–172. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000473
  • Barnes, G. E., & Prosen, H. (1985). Parental death and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94(1), 64–69. doi:10.1037//0021-843x.94.1.64
  • Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Klauminzer, G., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1990). A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: The CAPS-1. Behavior Therapist, 13, 187–188.
  • Bonanno, G. (2009). The other side of sadness: What the new science of bereavement tells us about life after loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K. N., & Danhauer, S. C. (2010). A short form of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(2), 127–137. doi:10.1080/10615800903094273
  • Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217–225. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013
  • Christ, G. H. (2010). Children bereaved by the death of a parent. In A. Corr & D. Balk (Eds.), Children’s encounters with death, bereavement, and coping (pp. 3–20). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561–574. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.561
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research Series, 39, 247–266.
  • Dowdney, L. (2000). Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(1), 819–830.
  • Emmons, R. A. (2013). Gratitude works!: A 21-day program for creating emotional prosperity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377
  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2004). The psychology of gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 459–471). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Koss, M. P. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
  • Frazier, P., Tennen, H., Gavian, M., Park, C., Tomich, P., & Tashiro, T. (2009). Does self-reported posttraumatic growth reflect genuine positive change? Psychological Science, 20(7), 912–919. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02381.x
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 356–376. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.365
  • Frias, A., Watkins, P. C., Webber, A. C., & Froh, J. J. (2011). Death and gratitude: Death reflection enhances gratitude. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 154–162. doi:10.1080/17439760.2011.558848
  • Froh, J. J., & Bono, G. (2014). Making grateful kids: The science of building character. West Conschohocken, PA: Templeton Press.
  • Froh, K. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 213–233. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005
  • Gallup. (1999). Survey results on “gratitude”, adults and teenagers. Emerging Trends, 20(4–5), 9.
  • Haine, R., Ayers, T., Sandler, I., & Wolchick, S. (2008). Evidence-based practices for parentally bereaved children and their families. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 113–121. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.39.2.113
  • Harrison, L., & Harrington, R. (2001). Adolescent bereavement experiences: Prevalence, association with depressive symptoms, and use of services. Journal of Adolescence, 24(2), 159–169. doi:10.1006/jado.2001.0379
  • Hong, T. N., & Scott, A. N. (2013). Self-concept and depression among children who experienced the death of a family member. Death Studies, 37(3), 197–211. doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.634085
  • Hurd, R. C. (1999). Adults view their childhood bereavement experiences. Death Studies, 23, 17–41. doi:10.1080/074811899201172
  • Hurd, R. C. (2004). A teenager revisits her father’s death during childhood: A study in resilience and healthy mourning. Adolescence, 39, 337–354.
  • Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., & Julian, T. (2006). Gratitude and hedonic and eudemonic well-being in Vietnam War veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 177–199. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.005
  • Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (2002). Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 1133–1145. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1133
  • Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology in women: A twin study perspective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(2), 109–116. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820020029004
  • King, L., Hicks, J., & Abdelkhalik, J. (2009). Death, life, scarcity, and value: An alternative perspective on the meaning of death. Psychological Science, 20, 1459–1462. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02466.x
  • Koehler, K. (2010). Sibling bereavement in childhood. In A. Corr & D. Balk (Eds.), Children’s encounters with death, bereavement, and coping (pp. 195–218). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Krause, N. (2006). Gratitude toward God, stress, and health in late life. Research on Aging, 28, 163–183. doi:10.1177/0164027505284048
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112
  • McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.2.249
  • Melhem, N. M., Walker, M., Moritz, G., & Brent, D. A. (2008). Antecedents and sequelae of sudden parental death in offspring and surviving caregivers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 162(5), 403–410. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.5.403
  • Osterweis, M., Solomon, F., & Green, M. (Eds.). (1984). Bereavement: Reactions, consequences, and care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Perry, B. D. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog and other stories from a child psychiatrist’s notebook, pp. 1–53. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Peterson, C., Park, N., Pole, N., D’Andrea, W., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2008). Strengths of character and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 214–217. doi:10.1002/jts.20332
  • Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Assessment of character strengths. In G. P. Koocher, J. C. Norcross, & S. S. Hill, III (Eds.), Psychologists’ desk reference (2nd ed., pp. 93–100). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2003). Character strengths before and after September 11. Psychological Science, 14(4), 381–384. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.24482
  • Ruini, C., & Vescovelli, F. (2012). The role of gratitude in breast cancer: Its relationships with posttraumatic growth, psychological well-being and distress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 263–274. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9330-x
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.6.1069
  • Social Security Administration. 2000. Intermediate Assumptions of the 2000 Trustees Report. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration. Retrieved from http://www.childrengrieve.org/category/tags/data, website for the National Alliance for Grieving Children.
  • Stoeckel, M., Weissbrod, C., & Ahrens, A. (2014). The adolescent response to parental illness: The influence of dispositional gratitude. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1501–1509. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9955-y
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. doi:10.1007/bf02103658
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
  • Tennant, C., Smith, A., Bebbington, P., & Hurry, J. (1981). Parental loss in childhood: Relationship to adult psychiatric impairment and contact with psychiatric services. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 309–314. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780280077009
  • Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (2009). Assessing positive life change: In search of meticulous methods. In C. L. Park, S. C. Lechner, M. H. Antoni, & A. L. Stanton (Eds.), Medical illness and positive life change: Can crisis lead to personal transformation? (pp. 31–49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L., Price, L. H., Ross, N. S., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology: Effects of loss characteristics and contextual factors. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 38(3), 329–344. doi:10.2190/pm.38.3.h
  • Vernon, L. L., Dillon, J. M., & Steiner, A. R. W. (2009). Proactive coping, gratitude, and posttraumatic stress disorder in college women. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 22(1), 117–127. doi:10.1080/10615800802203751
  • Watkins, P. C. (2004). Gratitude and subjective well-being. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 167–192). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Lloyd, J., & Atkins, S. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443–447. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012
  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008a). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854–871. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003
  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., & Joseph, S. (2008b). Conceptualizing gratitude and appreciation as a unitary personality trait. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 621–632. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.028
  • Worden, W. J. (1996). Children and grief: When a parent dies. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Zamora, J. J. (2006, December 32). Life is good after a brush with death. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A1.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.