The existential dimension of the pandemic: Death attitudes, personal worldview, and coronavirus anxiety

References

• Ahmed, O., Faisal, R. A., Sharker, T., Lee, S. A., & Jobe, M. C. (2020). Adaptation of the Bangla version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00357-2
   Google Scholar
• Berger, P. L. (1967). The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 205–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster, M. E., Robinson, M. A., Sandil, R., Esposito, J., & Geiger, E. (2014). Arrantly absent: Atheism in psychological science from 2001 to 2012. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(5), 628–663. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014528051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, E., Lee, J., & Lee, S. A. (2020). Validation of the Korean version of the obsession with COVID-19 scale and the Coronavirus anxiety scale. Death Studies, 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1833383
   Google Scholar
• Dein, S., Loewenthal, K., Lewis, C. A., & Pargament, K. I. (2020). COVID-19, mental health and religion: An agenda for future research. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1768725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliassen, A. H., Taylor, J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2005). Subjective religiosity and depression in the transition to adulthood. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(2), 187–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00275.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, L., & Wahab, E. A. (2013). Religiosity and fear of death: A theory-oriented review of the empirical literature. Review of Religious Research, 55(1), 149–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-012-0064-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). Measuring anxiety related to COVID-19: A Turkish validation study of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Death Studies, 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1774969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galen, L. W., & Kloet, J. D. (2011). Mental well-being in the religious and the non-religious: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(7), 673–689. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.510829
   Google Scholar
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step. A simple guide and reference (14th ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, D. E., Koenig, H. G., & Meador, K. G. (2008). Hitting the target: Why existing measures of “religiousness” are really reverse-scored measures of “secularism”. Explore, 4(6), 368–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2008.08.002
   Google Scholar
• Hodapp, B., & Zwingmann, C. (2019). Religiosity/spirituality and mental health: A meta-analysis of studies from the German-speaking area. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(6), 1970–1998. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00759-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverach, L., Menzies, R. G., & Menzies, R. E. (2014). Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology: Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(7), 580–593. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, J., Schulz-Quach, C., Eisenbeck, N., Carreno, D. F., Schmitz, A., Fountain, R., Franz, M., Schäfer, R., Wong, P. T. P., & Fetz, K. (2019). German version of the Death Attitudes Profile-Revised (DAP-GR) – Translation and validation of a multidimensional measurement of attitudes towards death. BMC Psychology, 7(1), 61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0336-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jong, J., Ross, R., Philip, T., Chang, S.-H., Simons, N., & Halberstadt, J. (2018). The religious correlates of death anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 8(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1238844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M., Marston, L., McManus, S., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H., & Bebbington, P. (2013). Religion, spirituality and mental health: Results from a national study of English households. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A. (2020a). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393–401. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A. (2020b). Replication analysis of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 33, 203–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2020.00079
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., & Mathis, A. A. (2020). Mental health characteristics associated with dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 1–2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000121X
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C., & Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiner, D. J. (2019). SoSci Survey (Version 3.1.06). https://www.soscisurvey.de
   Google Scholar
• Maxfield, M., John, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014). A terror management perspective on the role of death-related anxiety in psychological dysfunction. The Humanistic Psychologist, 42(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2012.732155
   Google Scholar
• Menzies, R. E., & Menzies, R. G. (2020). Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: Theoretical explanations and clinical implications. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13, e19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., & Slattery, J. M. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and mental health. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed., pp. 540–559). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, C. E. (1990). Religion and psychological distress. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29(2), 236–245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1387431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saroglou, V., & Muñoz-García, A. (2008). Individual differences in religion and spirituality: An issue of personality traits and/or values. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00393.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnell, T., & Becker, P. (2007). Fragebogen zu Lebensbedeutungen und Lebenssinn: LEBE. Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Schnell, T. (2011). Religiosität und Spiritualität als Quellen der Sinnerfüllung. In C. Klein, H. Berth, & F. Balck (Eds.), Gesundheit—Religion—Spiritualität: Konzepte, Befunde und Erklärungsansätze (pp. 259–271). Juventa.
   Google Scholar
• Schnell, T. (2012). Spirituality with and without religion—Differential relationships with personality. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 34(1), 33–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/157361212X644495
   Google Scholar
• Schnell, T. (2014). Meaning in life operationalized: An empirical approach to existential psychology. In S. Kreitler & T. Urbánek (Eds.), Conceptions of meaning (pp. 173–194). Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Schnell, T. (2015). Dimensions of Secularity (DoS): An open inventory to measure facets of secular identities. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(4), 272–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2014.967541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnell, T. (2019). Spirituality. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schnell, T., Fuchs, D., & Hefti, R. (2020). Worldview under stress: Preliminary findings on cardiovascular and cortisol stress responses predicted by secularity, religiosity, spirituality, and existential search. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01008-5
   Google Scholar
• Schnittker, J. (2001). When is faith enough? The effects of religious involvement on depression. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(3), 393–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynksi, T. (2004). The cultural animal: Twenty years of terror management theory and research. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynksi (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 13–34). Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed., international edition). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010). A Terror Management analysis of the psychological functions of religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309351165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittengl, J. R. (2018). A lonely search?: Risk for depression when spirituality exceeds religiosity. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(5), 386–389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A., & Smith, T. J. (2017). Computing robust, bootstrap-adjusted fit indices for use with nonnormal data. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 50(1-2), 131–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1326748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wink, P., & Scott, J. (2005). Does religiousness buffer against the fear of death and dying in late adulthood? Findings from a longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(4), P207–P214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.p207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P., Reker, G. T., & Gesser, G. (1994). The Death Attitude Profile-Revised: A multidimensional measure of attitudes towards death. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application (pp. 121–148). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Yalom, I. D. (2008). Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar