“Finding a safe space”: A qualitative study of what makes help helpful for adolescents bereaved by suicide

References

• Ambresin, A. E., Bennett, K., Patton, G. C., Sanci, L. A., & Sawyer, S. M. (2013). Assessment of youth-friendly health care: A systematic review of indicators drawn from young people's perspectives. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(6), 670–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen, K., Draper, B., Dudley, M., & Mitchell, P. B. (2016). Pre- and postloss features of adolescent suicide bereavement: A systematic review. Death Studies, 40(4), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2015.1128497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen, K., Dudley, M., Draper, B., & Mitchell, P. B. (2017). Suicide bereavement and postvention among adolescents. In K. Andriessen, K. Krysinska & O. Grad (Eds.), Postvention in action: The international handbook of suicide bereavement support (pp. 27–38). Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Hill, N. T., Reifels, L., Robinson, J., Reavley, N., & Pirkis, J. (2019). Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: A systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2020-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Rickwood, D., & Pirkis, J. (2020). It changes your orbit”: The impact of suicide and traumatic death on adolescents as experienced by adolescents and parents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 9356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen, K., Lobb, E., Mowll, J., Dudley, M., Draper, B., & Mitchell, P. B. (2019). Help-seeking experiences of bereaved adolescents: A qualitative study. Death Studies, 43(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1426657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen, K., Mowll, J., Lobb, E., Draper, B., Dudley, M., & Mitchell, P. B. (2018). “Don't bother about me.” The grief and mental health of bereaved adolescents.” Death Studies, 42(10), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1415393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen, K., Rahman, B., Draper, B., Dudley, M., & Mitchell, P. B. (2017). Prevalence of exposure to suicide: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 88, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balk, D. E. (2014). Dealing with dying, death, and grief during adolescence. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bartik, W., Maple, M., Edwards, H., & Kiernan, M. (2013). Adolescent survivors after suicide: Australian young people’s bereavement narratives. Crisis, 34(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batchelor, S., Stoyanov, S., Pirkis, J., & Kõlves, K. (2021). Use of kids helpline by children and young people in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(6), 1067–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, K. D., Boustani, M., Gellatly, R., & Chorpita, B. F. (2018). Forty years of engagement research in Children's Mental Health Services: Multidimensional measurement and practice elements. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1326121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, A. S., Axberg, U., & Hanson, E. (2017). When a parent dies - A systematic review of the effects of support programs for parentally bereaved children and their caregivers. BMC Palliative Care, 16(1), 39–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-017-0223-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradford, S., & Rickwood, D. (2014). Adolescent's preferred modes of delivery for mental health services. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences (pp. 843–860). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2779-6_103-1
   Google Scholar
• Brent, D., Melhem, N., Donohoe, M. B., & Walker, M. (2009). The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(7), 786–794. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08081244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell, L. V., Mehlum, L., & Qin, P. (2018). Sudden parental death from external causes and risk of suicide in the bereaved offspring: A national study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 96, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell, L. V., Mehlum, L., & Qin, P. (2021). Parental death by external causes and risk of hospital-treated deliberate self-harm in bereaved offspring. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(4), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01534-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, A. (2019). Family therapy and systemic interventions for child‐focused problems: The current evidence base. Journal of Family Therapy, 41(2), 153–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerel, J., & Aldrich, R. S. (2011). The impact of suicide on children and adolescents. In J. R. Jordan & J. L. McIntosh (Eds.), Grief after suicide: Understanding the consequences and caring for the survivors (pp. 81–92). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2007). The effectiveness of bereavement interventions with children: A meta-analytic review of controlled outcome research. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(2), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701279669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Čuš, A., Edbrooke-Childs, J., Ohmann, S., Plener, P. L., & Akkaya-Kalayci, T. (2021). Smartphone apps are cool, but do they help me?”: A qualitative interview study of adolescents’ perspectives on using smartphone interventions to manage nonsuicidal self-injury. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Marshall, P. L., & McCulloch, A. W. (2011). Developing and using a codebook for the analysis of interview data: An example from a professional development research project. Field Methods, 23(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X10388468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Carpio, L., Paul, S., Paterson, A., & Rasmussen, S. (2021). A systematic review of controlled studies of suicidal and self-harming behaviours in adolescents following bereavement by suicide. PLoS One, 16(7), e0254203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyregrov, K. (2009). How do the young suicide survivors wish to be met by psychologists? A user study. Omega, 59(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.59.3.c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwood, O., Peters, W., Cohen, J., Murray, L., Rice, S., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., & Bendall, S. (2021). “Like a huge weight lifted off my shoulders”: Exploring young peoples' experiences of treatment in a pilot trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy.” Psychotherapy Research, 31(6), 737–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1851794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freake, H., Barley, V., & Kent, G. (2007). Adolescents' views of helping professionals: A review of the literature. Journal of Adolescence, 30(4), 639–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehrmann, M., Dixon, S. D., Visser, V. S., & Griffin, M. (2020). Evaluating the outcomes for bereaved people supported by a community-based suicide bereavement service. Crisis, 41(6), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000658
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibson, K., & Cartwright, C. (2013). Agency in young clients' narratives of counseling: “It's whatever you want to make of it. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 340–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, K., Cartwright, C., Kerrisk, K., Campbell, J., & Seymour, F. (2016). What young people want: A qualitative study of adolescents’ priorities for engagement across psychological services. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(4), 1057–1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0292-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, K., Wilson, J., Grice, J. L., & Seymour, F. (2019). Resisting the silence: The impact of digital communication on young people’s talk about suicide. Youth & Society, 51(8), 1011–1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X17720986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granrud, M. D., Bisholt, B., Anderzèn-Carlsson, A., & Steffenak, A. K. M. (2020). Overcoming barriers to reach for a helping hand: Adolescent boys’ experience of visiting the public health nurse for mental health problems. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2020.1711529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagström, A. S. (2019). Why did he choose to die?”: A meaning-searching approach to parental suicide bereavement in youth. Death Studies, 43(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1457604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• headspace. (2020). Young people’s experience of Telehealth during COVID-19. headspace, National Youth Mental Health foundation. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://headspace.org.au/assets/Uploads/Telehealth-Client-Experience-FINAL-8-10-20.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hill, R. M., Oosterhoff, B., Layne, C. M., Rooney, E., Yudovich, S., Pynoos, R. S., & Kaplow, J. B. (2019). Multidimensional grief therapy: Pilot open trial of a novel intervention for bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(11), 3062–3074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01481-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, W. A., Myburgh, C., & Poggenpoel, M. (2010). The lived experiences of late-adolescent female suicide survivors: ‘A part of me died. Health SA Gesondheid, 15(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v15i1.493
   Google Scholar
• Hung, N. C., & Rabin, L. A. (2009). Comprehending childhood bereavement by parental suicide: A critical review of research on outcomes, grief processes, and interventions. Death Studies, 33(9), 781–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180903142357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. E., Lawrence, D., Hafekost, J., Saw, S., Buckingham, W. J., Sawyer, M., Ainley, J., & Zubrick, S. R. (2016). Service use by Australian children for emotional and behavioural problems: Findings from the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(9), 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415622562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Journot-Reverbel, K., Raynaud, J. P., Bui, E., & Revet, A. (2017). Support groups for children and adolescents bereaved by suicide: Lots of interventions, little evidence. Psychiatry Research, 250, 253–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytje, M. (2017). Towards a model of loss navigation in adolescence. Death Studies, 41(5), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2016.1276488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFerran, K., Roberts, M., & O'Grady, L. (2010). Music therapy with bereaved teenagers: A mixed methods perspective. Death Studies, 34(6), 541–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481181003765428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Shamseddeen, W., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(9), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Coffman, K., Baker, F. A., Daly, B. P., Palisano, R., & Bradt, J. (2019). The resilience songwriting program for adolescent bereavement: A mixed methods exploratory study. Journal of Music Therapy, 56(4), 348–380. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thz011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. (2007). (Updated 2018). The National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Research Council and Universities Australia. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/national-statement-ethical-conduct-human-research-2007-updated-2018
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, C. R., Jiang, H., Kakuma, T., Hwang, J., & Metsch, M. (2002). Group intervention for children bereaved by the suicide of a relative. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 505–513. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200205000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, S., Porta, G., Biernesser, C., Walker Payne, M., Iyengar, S., Melhem, N., & Brent, D. A. (2018). The burden of bereavement: Early-onset depression and impairment in youths bereaved by sudden parental death in a 7-year prospective study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(9), 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman, A., Stevenson, F., King, M., & Osborn, D. (2020). Self-reported patterns of use of alcohol and drugs after suicide bereavement and other sudden losses: A mixed methods study of 1,854 young bereaved adults in the UK. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QSR. (2020). NVivo 12 for Windows. QSR International Pty Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Ribbens McCarthy, J. (2007). They all look as if they're coping, but I'm not’: The relational power/lessness of ‘youth’ in responding to experiences of bereavement. Journal of Youth Studies, 10(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260701262574
   Google Scholar
• Rickwood, D. (2021). Help-seeking in young people. In A. R. Young, P. D. McGorry, & J. Cotter (Eds.), Youth mental health: Approaches to emerging mental ill-health in young people (pp. 35–52). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rosner, R., Kruse, J., & Hagl, M. (2010). A meta-analysis of interventions for bereaved children and adolescents. Death Studies, 34(2), 99–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180903492422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler, I., Tein, J. Y., Wolchik, S., & Ayers, T. S. (2016). The effects of the family bereavement program to reduce suicide ideation and/or attempts of parentally bereaved children six and fifteen years later. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(S1), S32–S38. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stikkelbroek, Y., Bodden, D. H., Reitz, E., Vollebergh, W. A., & van Baar, A. L. (2016). Mental health of adolescents before and after the death of a parent or sibling. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0695-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2015). Family matters in bereavement: Toward an integrative intra-interpersonal coping model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615598517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Toren, S. J., van Grieken, A., Lugtenberg, M., Boelens, M., & Raat, H. (2020). Adolescents’ views on seeking help for emotional and behavioral problems: A focus group study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar