Social stigma of suicide in South Korea: A cultural perspective

References

• An, S., & Lee, H. (2017a). An exploratory study for developing a social stigma scale toward suicidal people. Health and Social Welfare Review, 37(2), 325–357. https://doi.org/10.15709/hswr.2017.37.2.325
   Google Scholar
• An, S., & Lee, H. (2017b). Testing the validity of the shortened social stigma scale for the suicidal people: Assessing stigma levels based on demographic characteristics. Mental Health and Social Work, 45(4), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.24301/MHSW.2017.12.45.4.83
   Google Scholar
• An, S., & Lee, H. (2019). Suicide stigma in online social interactions: Impacts of social capital and suicide literacy. Health Communication, 34(11), 1340–1349. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1486691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, S., Cruwys, T., Lee, H., & Chang, M. X. L. (2020). Cultural differences in reactions to suicidal ideation: A mixed methods comparison of Korea and Australia. Archives of Suicide Research, 24(3), 415–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1624668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avrami, S. (2003). “I wish he had died in the war”: Suicide survivors—the Israeli case. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 46(4), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.2190/4H37-XBHH-Y4LW-QUXP
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2013). Correlates of suicide stigma and suicide literacy in the community. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(4), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.120264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, C. H. (1993). The interrelationships of chemyon to self-esteem and locus of control. [Master’s thesis, Chungang University]. Chungang University Library. https://library.cau.ac.kr/#/search/detail/46395
   Google Scholar
• Choi, S. C., & Kim, K. (2006). Naïve Psychology of Koreans’ Interpersonal Mind and Behavior in Close Relationships. In Indigenous and cultural psychology. (pp. 357–369). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, S. C., & Lee, S. J. (2002). Two-component model of chemyon-oriented behaviors in Korea: Constructive and defensive chemyon. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(3), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033003008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, J. P., Hsieh, K. Y., & Tokars, D. A. (2011). Help-seeking tendencies in Asian Americans with suicidal ideation and attempts. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Patrick, L., Gallo, J. J., Powe, N. R., Steinwachs, D. M., Eaton, W. W., & Ford, D. E. (1999). Mental health service utilization by African Americans and whites: The baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. Medical Care, 37(10), 1034–1045. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199910000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Sheehan, L., Al-Khouja, M. A.; Stigma of Suicide Research Team. (2017). Making sense of the public stigma of suicide. Crisis, 38(5), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000456
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cvinar, J. G. (2005). Do suicide survivors suffer social stigma: A review of the literature. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 41(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-5990.2005.00004.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Harrison, K. (1999). The problem of “us” versus “them” and AIDS stigma. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(7), 1212–1228. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027649921954732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7(3), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00354.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domino, G. (2005). Cross-cultural attitudes towards suicide: The SOQ and a personal odyssey. Archives of Suicide Research, 9(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110590903963
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn, R. G., & Morrish-Vidners, D. (1988). The psychological and social experience of suicide survivors. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 18(3), 175–215. https://doi.org/10.2190/6K91-GN16-0DF6-5FUE
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskin, M., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., & Altinyazar, V. (2011). A cross-cultural investigation of suicidal behavior and attitudes in Austrian and Turkish medical students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(9), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2015.1037971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, Q., An, S., & Lee, H. (2021). Social perception of suicide through comments posted on online suicide-related news: A comparison of celebrities’ suicides and ordinary persons’ suicides. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 35(2), 35–67.
   Google Scholar
• Galletly, C., & Burton, C. (2011). Improving medical student attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(6), 473–476. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.541419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Hanschmidt, F., Lehnig, F., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Kersting, A. (2016). The stigma of suicide survivorship and related consequences-A systematic review. PloS One, 11(9), e0162688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harré, R., & Gillett, G. (1994). The discursive mind. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Heppner, P. P., Heppner, M. J., Lee, D. G., Wang, Y. W., Park, H. J., & Wang, L. F. (2006). Development and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 2307–0919. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. WH Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 785–800. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., & Ham, S. (2016). The effects of narrative responses and the boiling pot syndrome on stigmatization in the MERS incident. Communication Theories, 12(4), 58–100.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., & Jang, Y. (2015). Developing a scale for the ‘boiling pot syndrome’ and validity check. Communication Theories, 11(4), 171–205. UCI: G704-SER000009172.2016.12.4.002
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. (2014). The meaning of the “boiling pot syndrome”: An analysis of press articles through the interaction between social conformity and the durability bias. Korean Journal of Communication Studies, 22(2), 33–62. Korean. UCI: G704-001501.2014.22.2.004
   Google Scholar
• Korea Health Promotion Foundation (2013). Suicide perception survey. http://research.hp.go.kr/hpResearch/rsrptTma.dia?method=detailView&RSR_IDX=926&mnid=021201000000&searchTitle=&searchHuman=&fromYear=&page=1&searchComp=&outLine=10&sRS_TP=&toYear=&searchKeyword
   Google Scholar
• Korean Association for Suicide Prevention (2012). A national attitude survey about respect of life.
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, C. W., & Ickovics, J. R. (2019). Adolescent suicide in South Korea: Risk factors and proposed multi-dimensional solution. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 150–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, A., & Takeuchi, D. (2001). Cultural factors in help‐seeking for child behavior problems: Value orientation, affective responding, and severity appraisals among Chinese‐American parents. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(6), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., & An, S. (2013). A contents analysis of stigma in health news on suicide: Focusing on onset controllability and categorization. Korean Journal of Journalism and Communication Studies, 57(4), 28–50.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H., & An, S. (2016). Social stigma toward suicide: Effects of group categorization and attributions in Korean health news. Health Communication, 31(4), 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.966894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, T., & Choi, S. (1996). Interpersonal relationships in Korea. In W. Gudykunst, S. Ting Toomey, & T. Nishida (Eds.), Communication in personal relationships across cultures (pp. 122–136). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Cultural variation in the self-concept. In The self: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 18–48). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_2
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, J. L., & Drapeau, C. W. (2014). USA suicide 2011: Official final data. American Association of Suicidology. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27231.51366
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, L. L., & Downey, D. L. (2000). Racial differences in self-disclosure of suicidal ideation and reasons for living: Implications for training. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6(4), 374–386. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.6.4.374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oexle, N., Herrmann, K., Staiger, T., Sheehan, L., Rüsch, N., & Krumm, S. (2019). Stigma and suicidality among suicide attempt survivors: A qualitative study. Death Studies, 43(6), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1474286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos, C., Foster, J., & Caldwell, K. (2013). ‘Individualism-collectivism' as an explanatory device for mental illness stigma. Community Mental Health Journal, 49(3), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9534-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompili, M., Girardi, P., Lester, D., & Tatarelli, R. (2007). Stigma and suicide risk. Suicide in schizophrenia. Nova Biomedical Books. 329–336. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8jw8cb1
   Google Scholar
• Scocco, P., Castriotta, C., Toffol, E., & Preti, A. (2012). Stigma of suicide attempt (STOSA) scale and stigma of suicide and suicide survivor (STOSASS) scale: Two new assessment tools. Psychiatry Research, 200(2–3), 872–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scocco, P., Preti, A., Totaro, S., Ferrari, A., & Toffol, E. (2017). Stigma and psychological distress in suicide survivors. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 94, 39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, H., Dovidio, J. F., & Napier, J. L. (2013). Cultural differences in targets of stigmatization between individual-and group-oriented cultures. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Korea (2018). Causes of death statistics in 2017. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/pressReleases/8/10/index.board?bmode=download&bSeq=&aSeq=371140&ord=1
   Google Scholar
• Sudak, H., Maxim, K., & Carpenter, M. (2008). Suicide and stigma: A review of the literature and personal reflections. Academic Psychiatry, 32(2), 136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sveen, C. A., & Walby, F. A. (2008). Suicide survivors' mental health and grief reactions: A systematic review of controlled studies. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38(1), 13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetlock, P. E. (1992). The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: Toward a social contingency model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 331–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60287-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, V. L. S., Bazile, A., & Akbar, M. (2004). African Americans' perceptions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. C. (2018). Individualism and collectivism. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tzeng, W. C., & Lipson, J. G. (2004). The cultural context of suicide stigma in Taiwan. Qualitative Health Research, 14(3), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732303262057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng, W. C., Su, P. Y., Chiang, H. H., Kuan, P. Y., & Lee, J. F. (2010). The invisible family: A qualitative study of suicide survivors in Taiwan. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945909350630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, M. J., Kershaw, T., Makin, J. D., & Forsyth, B. W. (2008). Development of parallel scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behavior, 12(5), 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9363-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, R. L., Lester, D., & Joe, S. (2006). Lay theories of suicide: An examination of culturally relevant suicide beliefs and attributions among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(3), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798406290467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Do, K. A., Frese, K., & Zheng, L. (2019). Asian immigrant parents’ perception of barriers preventing adolescents from seeking school-based mental health services. School Mental Health, 11(2), 364–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-018-9285-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar