In the Guise of Civility: The Complicitous Maintenance of Inferential Forms of Sexism and Racism in Higher Education

References

• Allen , B. J. , Orbe , M. P. and Olivas , M. R. 1999 . “ The complexity of our tears: Dis/enchantment and (in)difference in the academy. ” . In Communication Theory, 9 402 – 429 . (4)
   Google Scholar
• Allen , W. R. 1992 . The color of success: African American college student outcomes at predominantly White and historically Black public colleges and universities. . Harvard Educational Review , 62 : 26 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , M. L. and Collins , P. H. 2001 . “ Rethinking institutions. ” . In Race, class, and gender Edited by: Andersen , M. L. and Collins , P. H. 213 – 228 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth . (4th)
   Google Scholar
• Arnett , R. C. and Arneson , P. 1999 . Dialogic civility in a cynical age: Community, hope, and interpersonal relationships Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ashcraft , K. L. and Pacanowsky , M. E. 1996 . “A woman's worst enemy:” Reflections on a narrative of organizational life and female identity. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 24 : 217 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of American Colleges and Universities . 2000 . “ National Survey on Diversity in the Undergraduate Curriculum [On-line]. Available: ” . http://www.diversityweb.org/Digest/F00/survey.html
   Google Scholar
• Astin , A. W. 1993 . “ Diversity and multiculturalism on the campus: How are the students affected? ” . In Change, 25 44 – 49 . (2)
   Google Scholar
• Banks , J. A. 1994 . Multiethnic education: Theory and practice Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , H. 1991 . Rhetoric and civility: Human development, narcissism, and the good audience Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bellas , M. 2001 . “ Faculty salary and faculty distribution fact sheet 2000–2001 [On-line]. American Association of University Professors' Committee on the Status of Women in the Academic Profession. Available: ” . http://www.aaup.org/Wbellas.htm
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin , M. 1996 . Cultural diversity, educational equity, and the transformation of higher education: Group profiles as a guide to policy and programming Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , S. P. 1994 . Images of me: A model to promote retention of Black female students on predominantly White campuses. . Journal of College Student Development , 35 : 150 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , S. 1998 . Civility: Manners, morals, and the etiquette of democracy New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Condit , C. M. 1997 . “ In praise of eloquent diversity: Gender and rhetoric as public persuasion. ” . In Women's Studies in Communication, 20 91 – 116 . (2)
   Google Scholar
• Dace , K. and McPhail , M. 1998 . “ Crossing the color line: From empathy to implicature in intercultural communication. ” . In Readings in cultural contexts Edited by: Martin , J. , Nakayama , T. and Flores , L. 434 – 443 . Mountain View, CA : Mayfield Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Denzin , N. K. 1997 . Interpretive ethnography: Ethnographic practices for the 21^st century Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dumas-Hines , F. A. , Cochran , L. L. and Williams , E. U. 2001 . Promoting diversity: Recommendations for recruitment and retention of minorities in higher education. . College Student Journal , 35 : 433 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Duster , T. 1993 . “ The diversity of California at Berkeley: An emerging reformulation of “competence” in an increasingly multicultural world. ” . In Beyond a dream deferred Edited by: Thompson , B. and Tyagi , S. 231 – 255 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyson , M. E. February 1 2001 . African Americans in Popular Culture. Guest speech at Iowa State University February 1 ,
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough , N. 1998 . Discourse and social change Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. R. 1992 . “ The continuing significance of racism: Discrimination against Black students in White colleges. ” . In Journal of Black Studies, 22 546 – 578 . (4)
   Google Scholar
• Fine , M. G. 1995 . Building successful multicultural organizations: Challenges and opportunities Westport, CT : Quorum Books .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , W. 1995 . “ Narration as a human communication paradigm: The case of public moral argument. ” . In Readings in rhetorical criticism Edited by: Burgchardt , C. 272 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , J. 1996 . Media matters: Race and gender in U.S. politics Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberg , R. 1993 . The social construction of Whiteness: White women, race matters Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frye , M. 2001 . “ Oppression. ” . In Race, class, and gender Edited by: Andersen , M. L. and Collins , P. H. 48 – 52 . (4th ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Galicki , S. J. and McEwen , M. K. 1989 . The relationship of residence to retention of Black and White undergraduate students at a predominantly White university. . Journal of College Student Development , 30 : 389 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geist , P. and Gates , L. 1996 . The poetics and politics of re-covering identities in health communication. . Communication Studies , 47 : 218 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Giles-Gee , H. F. 1989 . Increasing the retention of Black students: A multimethod approach. . Journal of College Student Development , 30 : 196 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gledhill , C. 1997 . “ Genre and gender: The case of soap opera. ” . In Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices Edited by: Hall , S. 337 – 384 . London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Gosman , E. J. , Dandridge , B. A. , Nettles , M. T. and Thoeny , A. R. 1983 . “ Predicting student progression: The influence of race and other student and institutional characteristics on college student performance. ” . In Research in Higher Education, 18 209 – 236 . (2)
   Google Scholar
• Gramsci , A. 1992 . Prison notebooks Vol. 1 , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grieger , I. and D'Onofrio , A. 1996 . Free your mind: A three-part sequential series of multicultural programs. . Journal of College Student Development , 37 : 591 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1997 . “ The spectacle of the “other.” . In Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices Edited by: Hall , S. 223 – 290 . London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Hendrix , W. F. and Nelson , W. J. 1986 . “ Recruitment: A significant and overlooked component of Black college survival. ” . In The Western Journal of Black Studies, 10 55 – 58 . (2)
   Google Scholar
• Henley , B. , Powell , T. and Poats , L. 1992 . “ Achieving cultural diversity: Meeting the challenges. ” . In Diversity, disunity, and campus community Edited by: Terrell , M. 31 – 52 . Washington, DC : National Association of Student Personnel Administrators, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Herbst , P. H. 1997 . The color of words: An encyclopaedic dictionary of ethnic bias in the United States Yarmouth, ME : Intercultural Press .
   Google Scholar
• hooks , b . 1994 . Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hyde , B. and Bineham , J. L. 2000 . “ From debate to dialogue: Toward a pedagogy of nonpolarized public discourse. ” . In Southern Journal of Communication, 65 208 – 223 . (2 & 3)
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , M. 1989 . Paths toward a clearing: Radical empiricism and ethnographic inquiry Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• La Belle , T. and Ward , C. 1994 . Multiculturalism and education: Diversity and its impact on schools and society Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S. J. 1996 . Unraveling the “model minority” stereotype: Listening to Asian American youth New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leo , J. 2001 . Sensitivity police: The Democrats are intent on racializing every issue. . U.S. News and World Report , February 5 : 12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littlejohn , S. W. 1996 . Theories of human communication Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Publishing Company . (5th ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Reyes , Luz , de la , M. and Halcon , J. J. 1991 . “ Practices of the academy: Barriers to access for Chicano academics. ” . In The racial crisis in American higher education Edited by: Altbach , P. G. and Lomotey , K. 167 – 186 . Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre , A. 1981 . After virtue: A study in moral theory Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press .
   Google Scholar
• Madrid , A. 2001 . “ Missing people and others: Joining together to expand the circle. ” . In Race, class, and gender Edited by: Andersen , M. L. and Collins , P. H. 23 – 28 . (4th)
   Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt , B. 1988 . Student retention, social support, and dropout retention: Comparison of Black and White students. . Journal of College Student Development , 29 : 60 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh , P. 2001 . “ White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women's studies. ” . In Race, class, and gender Edited by: Andersen , M. L. and Collins , P. H. 95 – 105 . (4th)
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre , A. 1997 . Making meaning of Whiteness: Exploring racial identity with White teachers New York : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• McKerrow . 2001 . Coloring outside the lines; the limits of civility . Spectra , January : 7 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• McPhail , M. 1996 . Zen in the art of rhetoric: An inquiry into coherence Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Midwest University . 2002 . “ Fact book 2001–2002. Office of Institutional Research. Available: ” . http://www.public.iastate.edu/∼inst_res_info/FB02files/students.html
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , A. G. 1998 . Hidden transcripts of flight attendant resistance. . Management Communication Quarterly , 11 : 499 – 535 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama , T. K. and Krizek , R. L. 1995 . Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 81 ( 3 ) : 291 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Educational Statistics . 2000a . “ Fast facts [On-line]. U.S. Department of Education. Available: ” . http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Educational Statistics . 2000b . “ Fast facts [On-line]. U.S. Department of Education. Available: ” . http://nces.ed.gov.fastfacts/display.asp?id=72
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Educational Statistics . 2000c . “ Fast facts [On-line]. U.S. Department of Education. Available: ” . http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002160.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nicotera , A. M. 1999 . “ The woman academic as subject/object/self: Dismantling the illusion of duality. ” . In Communication Theory, 9 430 – 464 . (4)
   Google Scholar
• Omatsu , G. and Lee , S. J. 1994 . Unraveling the “model minority” stereotype: Listening to Asian American youth ix New York : Teachers College Press . (1996. p.
   Google Scholar
• Omi , M. and Winant , H. 1994 . Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, , 2nd ed. New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , T. O. 2000 . “ Mixed messages and complicitous policy: Reconstructing diversity requirements through coherence. ” . In Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (02), 427A (UMI No. AAT 9961773)
   Google Scholar
• Romaine , S. 1999 . Communicating gender Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt , R. March 15 2001 . “ College gap between sexes narrows, but pay's uneven [On-line]. ” . In Los Angeles Times March 15 , Available: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/census/lat_census010315.story
   Google Scholar
• Sadker , M. 1994 . Failing at fairness: How America's schools cheat girls New York : C. Scribner's Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Sandler , B. R. , Silverberg , L. A. and Hall , R. M. 1996 . The chilly classroom climate: A guide to improve the education of women Washington, D.C. : National Association for Women in Education .
   Google Scholar
• Sedlacek , W. E. Fall 1989 . “ Noncognitive indicators of student success. ” . In Journal of College Admissions Fall , 2 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Shuman , D. and Olufs , D. 1995 . Diversity on campus Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Strange , C. A. and Alston , L. 1998 . Voicing differences: Encouraging multicultural learning. . Journal of College Student Development , 104 : 488 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• Tatum , B. D. 1997 . Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?: And other conversations about race New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , E. and Olswang . 1997 . Crossing the color line: African Americans and predominantly White universities. . College Student Journal , 31 : 11 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• van Maanen , J. 1995 . “ An end to innocence. The ethnography of ethnography. ” . In Representation in ethnography Edited by: van Maanen , J. 1 – 35 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , K. R. 1963 . The substance of rhetoric: Good reasons. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 49 : 239 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman , D. 1997 . “ Minstrel shows, affirmative action talk, and angry White men: Marking racial otherness in the 1990s. ” . In Displacing Whiteness: Essays in social and cultural criticism Edited by: Frankenberg , R. 311 – 331 . Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , J. 1994 . Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Zoller , H. M. 2000 . “A place you haven't visited before:” Creating the conditions for community dialogue. ” . In Southern Journal of Communication, 65 191 – 207 . (2 & 3)
   Google Scholar