The Positive Functions of “Negative” Rhetoric: Feminists' Expository Campaign Against the Promise Keepers

Works Cited

• Angrosino , Michael . 2002 . “Civil Religion Redux.” . In Anthropological Quarterly 75 239 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Aucoin , James . 2002 . “Investigative Journalism.” . In American Journalism: History, Principles, Practices Edited by: David Sloan , W. and Mullikin Parcell. , Lisa . 209 – 18 . Jefferson : McFarland .
   Google Scholar
• Bellah , Robert N. 1967 . “Civil Religion in America.” . In Daedalus 96 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Bellant , Russ . 1997 . “Promise Keepers and the Christian Shepherding Movement.” . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 1 online ed. 3 pp. 13 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/pkwatchl/bellant.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Chalmers , David . 1968 . “The Celestial Crown.” . In The Muckrakers and American Society Edited by: Shapiro , Herbert . 102 – 8 . Boston : D. C. Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson , Frederick . 1997 . “PK's Promise—A Christian Nation?” . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 1 online ed. 2 pp. 13 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/pkwatchl/clarkson.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Claussen , Dane S. 2000 . “ '“So Far, News Coverage of Promise Keepers has been more Like Advertising': The Strange Case of Christian Men and the Print News Media.” . In Promise Keepers: Essays on Masculinity and Christianity Edited by: Dane , S. Claussen . 281 – 307 . Jefferson : McFarland .
   Google Scholar
• Cokorinos , Lee . 1997 . “Promise Keepers Marches on Washington.” . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 2 online ed., Stand in the Gap Special Supplement16 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/pkwatch2/pkwatch-2sup.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Conason , Joe , Ross , Alfred and Cokorinos , Lee . 1996 . “The Promise Keepers are Coming: The Third Wave of the Religious Right.” . The Nation , : 11 – 19 . 7 Oct
   Google Scholar
• Condit , Celeste Michelle . 1989 . “The Rhetorical Limits of Polysemy.” . In Critical Studies in Mass Communication 6 103 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Darsey , James . 1997 . The Prophetic Tradition and Racial Rhetoric in America New York : New York UP .
   Google Scholar
• “Discussion on Promise Keepers March and Trevor Rees-Jones' Recovery.” . 1997 . Talkback Live Cable News Network 3 Oct
   Google Scholar
• Eidenmuller , Michael E. 1998 . “A Rhetoric of Religious Order: The Case of the Promise Keepers.” . In Diss. Louisiana State U
   Google Scholar
• Endres , Kathleen L. 1997 . “Muckraking: A Term Worth Redefining.” . In American Journalism 14 333 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Entman , Robert M. 1993 . “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” . In Journal of Communication 43 51 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Ettema , James S. and Theodore , L. Glasser . 1988 . “Narrative Form and Moral Force: The Realization of Innocence and Guilt Through Investigative Journalism.” . In Journal of Communication 38 8 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Feminist Majority Foundation . 2006 . Feminist Majority Foundation Online , 14 June “Promise Keepers Holds No Promise for Women.” News Release. 13 June1997<http://www.feminist.org/news/pressstory.asp?id=4573>
   Google Scholar
• Foundation , Feminist Majority . 2006 . “Promise Keepers Hold No Promise for Women: Statement of Eleanor Smeal, President.” News Release. 2 Oct. 1997 . Feminist Majority Foundation Online , 14 June <http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/printnews.asp?id=4567>
   Google Scholar
• Foundation , Feminist Majority . 1997 . “Promise Keepers to Go Global: Men-Only Right-Wing Group Plans Rallies in 50 State Capitals for Year 2000.” . In Feminist Majority Newsletter Fall Feminist Majority Foundation Online. 14 June 2006 <http://www.feminist.org/research/report/93_nine.html>
   Google Scholar
• Filler , Louis . 1976 . The Muckrakers University Park : Pennsylvania State UP .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , Walter R. 1984 . “Narration as Human Communication Paradigm: The Case of Public Moral Argument.” . In Communication Monographs 51 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , Sally A. , Littlejohn , Stephen W. and Barnett Pearce , W. 1992 . “Communication and Moral Conflict.” . In Western Journal of Communication 56 311 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Frye , Northrop . 1976 . The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance Cambridge : Harvard UP .
   Google Scholar
• Gamson , William A. , Croteau , David , Hoynes , William and Sasson , Theodore . 1992 . “Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality.” . In Annual Review of Sociology 18 373 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Glasser , Theodore L. and James , S. Ettema . 1989 . “Investigative Journalism and the Moral Order.” . In Critical Studies in Mass Communication 6 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , Richard B. 1971 . “The Ego-Function of the Rhetoric of Protest.” . In Philosophy and Rhetoric 4 71 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Herberg , Will . 1974 . “America's Civil Religion: What It Is and Whence It Comes.” . In American Civil Religion Edited by: Richey , Russell E. and Donald , G. Jones . 76 – 88 . New York : Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Hofstadter , Richard . 1968 . “The Progressive Impulse.” . In Muckrakers and American Society Edited by: Shapiro , Herbert . 93 – 102 . Boston : D. C. Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , James Davison . 1991 . Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America New York : BasicBooks .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , James Davison . 1983 . “The Liberal Reaction.” . In The New Christian Right: Mobilization and Legitimation Edited by: Liebman , Robert C. and Wuthnow. , Robert . 149 – 63 . New York : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , Mark . 1997 . “Dante's Watergate: All the President's Men as a Romance Narrative.” . American Journalism , 14 : 303 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Ireland , Patricia . 1997 . “A Look at … Promise Keepers: Beware of 'Feel-Good Male Supremacy.'” . Washington Post , 7 Sept. final ed.: C3
   Google Scholar
• Ireland , Patricia , Gandy , Kim , Johnson , Karen and Toledo , Elizabeth . 2006 . “Promise Keepers Mobilization Project: Open Letter to Activists.” 15 Aug. 1997 . National Organization for Women , 14 June <http://www.now.org/issues/right/promise/letter.html>
   Google Scholar
• “Is the Group, Promise Keepers, a Threat to Women?” . 1997 . Crossfire Cable News Network . 2 Oct
   Google Scholar
• “Is it for Male Unity or Anti-Women and Anti-Gay?” . 1997 . Crossfire Cable News Network. 11 July
   Google Scholar
• Jones , Donald G. and Russell , E. Richey . 1974 . “The Civil Religion Debate.” . In American Civil Religion Edited by: Richey , Russell E. and Donald , G. Jones . 3 – 18 . New York : Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Kelley , Colleen E. 2000 . “Silencing the Voice of God: Rhetorical Responses to the Promise Keepers.” . In The Promise Keepers: Essays on Masculinity and Christianity Edited by: Dane , S. Claussen . 226 – 37 . Jefferson : McFarland .
   Google Scholar
• King , Andrew A. 1976 . “The Rhetoric of Power Maintenance: Elites at the Precipice.” . In Quarterly Journal of Speech 62 127 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• McEdwards , Mary G. 1968 . “Agitative Rhetoric: Its Nature and Effect.” . In Western Speech 32 36 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , Michael Calvin . 1980 . “The 'Ideograph': A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology.” . In Quarterly Journal of Speech 66 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Miraldi , Robert . 1990 . Muckraking and Objectivity: Journalism's Colliding Traditions New York : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , Beth . 1998 . “Fall 1997 through 2000: NOW, Allies Confront Promise Keepers' Agenda.” . In National NOW Times Jan.National Organization for Women. 14 June 2006 <http://www.now.org/nnt/01–98/fall.html>
   Google Scholar
• Myers , Beth . 1997 . “NOW Promises 'No Surrender' to Right-Wing Promise Keepers.” . In National NOW Times Oct.National Organization for Women. 14 June 2006 <http://www.now.org/nnt/10–97/pk.html>
   Google Scholar
• National Organization for Women . 2006 . National Organization for Women , “'1997 National NOW Conference Resolutions: Promise Keepers Mobilization Project.”. 14 June<http://www.now.org/organiza/conferen/1997/resolutions.html#promisekeepers>
   Google Scholar
• National Organization for Women . 2006 . “Myths and Facts about the Promise Keepers.” . National Organization/or Women , 14 June<http://www.now.org/issues/right/promise/mythfact.html>
   Google Scholar
• National Organization for Women . 2006 . “NOW. Other National Groups Join to Expose Promise Keepers' Hidden Agenda.” News Release. 12 June 1997 . National Organization for Women , 14 June <http://www.now.org/press/06–97/06–12–97.html>
   Google Scholar
• National Organization for Women . 2006 . “Promise Keepers Mobilization Project: Action Plans and Ideas.” . National Organization for Women , 14 June<http://www.now.org/issues/right/promise/actions.html>
   Google Scholar
• National Organization for Women . 2006 . '“Promise Us Equality!' Is Women's Leaders Challenge to Promise Keepers.” News Release. 2 Oct. 1997 . National Organization for Women , 14 June <http://www.now.org/press/10–97/10–02–97.html>
   Google Scholar
• National Organization for Women . 2006 . “To Mark Women's Equality Day: Feminists Launch National 'No Surrender' Campaign to Counter Upcoming Promise Keepers' March.” News Release. 22 Aug. 1997 . National Organization for Women , 14 June <http://www.now.org/press/08–97/08–22–97.html>
   Google Scholar
• “Not the Rose Bowl, You Don't.” . 1997 . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 1 online ed. 1 pp. 13 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/pkwatch1/rose.html>
   Google Scholar
• Novosad , Nancy . 1997 . “PK Flees from Public Discussion.” . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 1 online ed. 3 pp. 13 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/pkwatch1/novosad.htm>
   Google Scholar
• “Numbers for Promise Keepers Rally Updated.” . 1997 . The Washington Post , 15 Oct. final ed.: B3
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , David S. 2001 . “The New Religious Right Versus Media Wrongs: AFA Fights 'Temptation.'” . In Journal of Film and Video 53 3 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , W. Barnett , Littlejohn , Stephen W. and Alexander , Alison . 1987 . “The New Christian Right and the Humanist Response: Reciprocated Diatribe.” . In Communication Quarterly 35 171 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Keepers , Promise . 2006 . “The History of Promise Keepers.” . Promise Keepers , 14 June<http://www.promisekeepers.org/.genr12>
   Google Scholar
• Keepers , Promise . 2006 . “Seven Promises.” . Promise Keepers , 14 June<http://www.promisekeepers.org/faqscore24>
   Google Scholar
• Keepers , Promise . 1999 . “Stand in the Gap Agenda.” . Promise Keepers , 8 Feb.<http://www.promisekeepers.org/manual/sitg/program.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Keepers , Promise . 1999 . '“Stand in the Gap' Frequently Asked Questions.” . Promise Keepers , 8 Feb.<http://www.promisekeepers.org/manual/97pkconf/standgap2.htm>
   Google Scholar
• “Promise Keepers Rally; Patricia Ireland of NOW.” . 1997 . Newsday Cable News Network. 4 Oct
   Google Scholar
• “Promise Keepers' Vice President Talks About Significance of Today's Rally.” . 1997 . Saturday Morning News Cable News Network. 4 Oct
   Google Scholar
• Protess , David , Cook , Fay Lomax , Doppelt , Jack C. , Ettema , James S. , Gordon , Margaret T. , Leff , Donna R. and Miller , Peter . 1991 . Journalism of Outrage: Investigative Reporting and Agenda Building in America New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , Alfred and Cokorinos , Lee . 1998 . “End Times or the Second Coming of Promise Keepers?” . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 3 online ed. 13 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/layoff.html>
   Google Scholar
• Ross , Alfred and Cokorinos , Lee . 1997 . “Promise Keepers: A Real Challenge from the Right.” . In National NOW Times May National Organization for Women. 14 June 2006 <http://www.now.org/nnt/05–97/pk.html>
   Google Scholar
• Ross , Alfred and Cokorinos , Lee . 1996 . “Promise Keepers: The Third Wave of the American Religious Right.” New York : Center for Democracy Studies . Nov
   Google Scholar
• Rouner , Leroy S. 1999 . “Civil Religion, Cultural Diversity, and American Civilization.” . In The Key Reporter 64 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , Stanley K. 1968 . “The Morality of Politics: The Muckrakers' Vision of Democracy.” . In Journal of American History 52 527 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , Robert L. 1973 . “The Conservative Voice in Radical Rhetoric: A Common Response to Division.” . In Speech Monographs 40 123 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , Robert L. and Donald , K. Smith . 1969 . “The Rhetoric of Confrontation.” . In Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , Charles J. 1980 . “A Functional Approach to the Rhetoric of Social Movements.” . In Central States Speech Journal 31 298 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Swomley , John . 1997 . “Promise Keepers and the Mainline Christian Denominations.” . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 1 online ed. 2 pp. 13 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/pkwatch1/swomley.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Vanderford , Marsha L. 1989 . “Vilification and Social Movements: A Case Study of Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Rhetoric.” . In Quarterly Journal of Speech 75 166 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , Ken . 2000 . “Who Are These Guys?: The Promise Keepers' Media Relations Strategy for Stand in the Gap.'” . In The Promise Keepers: Essays on Masculinity and Christianity Edited by: Dane , S. Claussen . 255 – 268 . Jefferson : McFarland .
   Google Scholar
• White , Cindy L. and Catherine , A. Dobris . 1993 . “A Chorus of Discordant Voices: Radical Feminist Confrontations with Patriarchal Religion.” . In Southern Communication 58 239 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• “Why PK Watch?” . 1997 . Promise Keepers Watch: Monitoring the Promise Keepers Movement , 1 online ed. Editors Note.: 1 pp. 13 Mar. 1999 <http://www.cdsresearch.org/pkwatch1/whypk.htm>
   Google Scholar
• Williams , Rhys H. and Demerath , N. J. III . 1991 . “Religion and Political Process in an American City.” . In American Sociological Review 56 417 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , Jennifer L. 2003 . “Promise Keepers, Feminists, and the News Media: An Analysis of the Debate over the 'Stand in the Gap' Rally.” . Diss. The Pennsylvania State University .
   Google Scholar