1,318
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Trump, Clinton, and the Gendering of Newspaper Discourse About the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Debates

, &

References

  • Aalberg, T., Stromback, J., & de Vreese, C. H. (2011). The framing of politics as strategy and game: A review of concepts, operationalizations, and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 162–178. doi:10.1177/1464884911427799
  • Alexander, D., & Andersen, K. (1993), Gender as a factor in the attribution of leadership traits. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 527–545. doi:10.2307/448946
  • An ugly campaign, 90-minute version. (2016, September 26). New York Times.
  • Anderson, K. V. (2002). From spouses to candidates: Hillary Rodham Clinton, Elizabeth Dole, and the gendered office of U.S President. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 5(1), 105–132.
  • Anderson, K. V. (2017). Presidential pioneer or campaign queen? Hillary Clinton and the first-timer/frontrunner double bind. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 20(30), 525–538. doi:10.14321/rhetpublaffa.20.3.0525
  • Bachmann, I., Harp, D., & Loke, J. (2017). Covering Clinton (2010–2015): Meaning-making strategies in U.S. magazine covers. Feminist Media Studies, 18(5), 793–809. doi:10.1080/14680777.2017.1358204
  • Balz, D. (2016a, October 9). In the clash of the two Trumps, the GOP is the loser. Washington Post.
  • Balz, D. (2016b, September 27). Clinton outscores Trump—but the campaign isn’t over yet. Washington Post.
  • Balz, D. (2016c, October 10). Defiant Trump takes a risky path for himself, GOP. Washington Post.
  • Balz, D. (2016d, September 27). Memorable exchanges and substantive differences. Washington Post.
  • Balz, D. (2016e, September 27). The real Donald Trump showed up in Hofstra. Washington Post.
  • Beyond debate. (2016, September 26). Washington Post.
  • Boyle, K. (2015). Media and violence: Gendering the debates. London, United Kingdom: Sage.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Campus, D. (2013). Women political leaders and the media. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Capehart, J. (2016, September 27). Donald Trump bombs on the ultimate reality TV show. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2016/09/27/donald-trump-bombs-on-the-ultimate-reality-tv-show/
  • Carlin, D. B., & Winfrey, K. L. (2009). Have you come a long way, baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and sexism in 2008 campaign coverage. Communication Studies, 60(4), 326–343. doi:10.1080/10510970903109904
  • Carrigan, T., Connell, B., & Lee, J. (1987). Toward a new sociology of masculinity. In H. Brod (Ed.), The making of masculinities: The new men’s studies (pp. 65–80). Boston, MA: Allen and Unwin.
  • Cavna, M. (2016, September 26). Here’s what the rest of the world thinks of the Clinton–Trump debates. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/09/26/heres-what-the-rest-of-the-world-thinks-of-the-clinton-trump-debates/
  • Cillizza, C. (2016a, September 26). Pitfalls and positives for Clinton, Trump in debate. Washington Post.
  • Cillizza, C. (2016b, September 27). 20 minutes into the debate Donald Trump was winning. What the heck happened? Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/27/donald-trump-had-a-great-weapon-against-hillary-clinton-so-why-did-he-stop-using-it/
  • Cillizza, C. (2016c, September 27). Winners and losers from the 1st presidential debate. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/26/winners-and-losers-from-the-1st-presidential-debate/
  • Coe, K., Domke, D., Bagley, M. M., Cunningham, S. & Van Leuven, N. (2007). Masculinity as political strategy: George W. Bush, the “War on Terror”, and an echoing press. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 21(1), 31–55.
  • Connell, R. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press.
  • Conroy, M. (2007). Political parties: Advancing a masculine ideal. In L. Cox Han & C. Heldman (Eds.), Rethinking madam president: Are we ready for a woman in the White House? (pp. 133–146). London, United Kingdom: Lynne Rienner.
  • Conroy, M. (2015). Masculinity, media, and the American presidency. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Conroy, M. (2018). Strength, stamina, and sexism in the 2016 presidential race, Politics and Gender, 14(1), 116–121. doi:10.1017/S1743923X17000642
  • Conroy, M., Oliver, S., Breckenridge-Jackson, I., & Heldman, C. (2015). From Ferraro to Palin: Sexism in media coverage of vice presidential candidates. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3(4), 573–591. doi:10.1080/21565503.2015.1050412
  • Dionne, E. J. (2016a, September 26). Clinton introduces a news Trump to dislike. Washington Post.
  • Dionne, E. J. (2016b, October 10). Trump makes life harder for his party. Washington Post.
  • Dolan, K., & Lynch, T. (2013). It takes a survey: Understanding gender stereotypes, abstract attitudes, and voting for women candidates. American Politics Research, 42(4), 656–76. doi:10.1177/1532673X13503034
  • Duerst-Lahti, G. (2007). Masculinity on the campaign trail. In L. C. Han & C. Heldman (Eds.), Rethinking madam president: Are we ready for a woman in the White House? (pp. 87–112). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  • Dunaway, J., Lawrence, R. G., Rose, M., & Weber, C. R. (2013). Traits versus issues: How female candidates shape coverage of Senate and gubernatorial races. Political Research Quarterly, 66(3), 715–726. doi:10.1177/1065912913491464
  • Fahey, A. C. (2007). French and reminine: Hegemonic masculinity and the emasculation of John Kerry in the 2004 presidential race, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24(2), 132–150.
  • Fahrenthold, D. A., & Zezima, K. (2016, October 9). A dark debate. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-remains-defiant-ahead-of-debate-as-surrogates-grapple-with-tape-fallout/2016/10/09/9a95a09a-8e28-11e6-9c85-ac42097b8cc0_story.html
  • Falk, E. (2008). Women for president: Media bias in eight campaigns. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Filipovic, J. (2016, September 27). Actually, Hillary Clinton beat Donald Trump at his own game: Mansplaining. Washington Post.
  • First debate features the unruffled vs. the unprepared. (2016, September 27). USA Today.
  • Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 25/26, 56–80.
  • Gabriel, T. (2016, September 27). For debate organizer, a new priority: Crowd control, New York Times.
  • Garcia-Blanco, I., & Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2012). The discursive construction of women politicians in the European press. Feminist Media Studies, 12(3), 422–441. doi:10.1080/14680777.2011.615636
  • Gidengil, E., & Everitt, J. (1999). Metaphors and misrepresentation: Gendered mediation in news coverage of the 1993 Canadian leaders’ debates. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4(1), 48–65. doi:10.1177/1081180X99004001005
  • Hampson, R. (2016, September 26). Trump tactics can trip up debaters. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.pressreader.com/usa/usa-today-us-edition/20160926/281496455767303
  • Harmer, E., Savigny, H., & Ward, O. (2017), Are you tough enough? Performing gender in the U.K. 2015 leader debates. Media, Culture, and Society, 39(7), 960–975. doi:10.1177/0163443716682074
  • Healy, P., & Burns, A. (2016, September 26). Rifts on race and gender frame debate. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/26/us/politics/clinton-trump-issues.html
  • Healy, P., & Martin, J. (2016a, September 27). Candidates press pointed attacks in acerbic debate. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/images/2016/09/27/nytfrontpage/scannat.pdf
  • Healy, P., & Martin, J. (2016b, October 10). Personal attacks in the forefront at caustic debate. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/images/2016/10/10/nytfrontpage/scannat.pdf
  • Hohmann, J. (2016, September 26). The daily 202: Trump wins the debate expectations game. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/daily-202/2016/09/26/daily-202-trump-wins-the-debate-expectations-game/57e862bce9b69b3019a1e036/
  • Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993a). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 503–525. doi:10.2307/448945
  • Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993b). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119–147. doi:10.2307/2111526
  • Izadi, E. (2016, September 27). Men have opinions about area woman’s face during presidential debate. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/09/27/men-have-opinions-about-area-womans-face-during-presidential-debate/
  • Jackson, D. (2016, September 27). Fight night: Clinton, Trump tangle over jobs, race in first of 3 debates. USA Today.
  • Jamieson, K. H. (1995). Beyond the double bind: Women and leadership. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Kahn, K. F. (1994). The distorted mirror: Press coverage of women candidates for statewide office. The Journal of Politics, 56(1), 154–173.
  • Kahn, K. F. (1996). The political consequences of being a woman: How stereotypes influence the conduct and consequences of political campaigns. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Katz, J. (2013). Leading men: Presidential campaigns and the politics of manhood. Northampton, MA: Interlink Books.
  • Katz, J. (2016). Man enough? Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and the politics of presidential masculinity. Northampton, MA: Interlink Books.
  • Kranish, M., DelReal, J. A., & Sullivan, S. (2016, September 26). A week with Trump: Stream of untruths buoys his bleak view. Washington Post.
  • Krook, M. L. (2017). Violence against women in politics. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 74–88. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0007
  • Krugman, P. (2016, September 27). How did the race get close? New York Times. Retrieved from https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/how-did-the-race-get-close/
  • Lawrence, R. G. (2000). Game-framing the issues: Tracking the strategy frame in public policy news. Political Communication, 17(2), 93–114.
  • Lawrence, J. (2016, September 27). The public Trump is all that counts. USA Today.
  • Lawrence, R., & Rose, M. (2010). Hillary Clinton’s race for the White House: Gender politics and the media on the campaign trail. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  • Mandziuk, R. M. (2008). Dressing down Hillary. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 5(3), 312–316. doi:10.1080/14791420802239685
  • Many voters made their choice before face-off. (2016, September 27). USA Today.
  • Mastio, D., & Lawrence, J. (2016, October 10). Two USA Today editorial board members on how low the presidential race can go. USA Today.
  • Mr. Trump goes low. (2016, October 10). New York Times.
  • Norris, P. (1997). Women leaders worldwide: A splash of colour in the photo op. In P. Norris (Ed.), Women, media, and politics (pp. 149–165). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  • O’Neill, D., Savigny, H., & Cann, V. (2016). Women politicians in the U.K. press: Not seen and not heard? Feminist Media Studies, 16(2), 293–307. doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1092458
  • Page, S. (2016a, September 27). Restrained or red hot? Fiery Trump is back in action. USA Today.
  • Page, S. (2016b, October 10). Video surfaces first thing in debate. USA Today.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Parker, A., & Haberman, M. (2016, September 26). Gennifer Flowers at debate? Just making a point, says Team Trump. New York Times.
  • Parker, K. (2016a, October 19). How Trump beat the polls. Washington Post.
  • Parker, K. (2016b, September 27). Trump’s night of sniffles and screw-ups. Washington Post.
  • Parry-Giles, S. J., & Parry-Giles, T. (1996). Gendered politics and presidential image construction: A reassessment of the ‘Feminine Style’. Communication Monologues, 63, 337–353.
  • Peters, J. (2016, September 27). Little guidance for viewers on where the truth lay as pair missed chances. New York Times.
  • Phillips, A. (2016, October 10). Hillary Clinton’s top strategy for responding to Donald Trump attacks. Washington Post.
  • Poniewozik, J. (2016, October 10). Was that a debate? Or were the candidates just trying to go viral? New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/11/arts/television/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-second-debate.html
  • Robinson, E. (2016a, September 27). Clinton delivers a beat-down. Washington Post.
  • Robinson, E. (2016b, October 20). Donald Trump, spoiled brat in chief. Washington Post.
  • Rogers, E. (2016, October 20). Trump won the third debate. Washington Post.
  • Roller, E. (2016, September 27). Toasting and roasting Hillary Clinton. New York Times.
  • Rosenberg, A. (2016, October 20). If Hillary is “such as nasty woman,” she’s also a liberated one. Washington Post.
  • Ross, J. (2016a, September 26). Debating while female. Washington Post.
  • Ross, J. (2016b, September 27). Trump dominated at least one debate category last night. Washington Post.
  • Ross, K. (2002). Women, politics, media. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Ross, K., Evans, E., Harrison, L., Shears, M., & Wadia, J. (2013). The gender of news and news of gender: A study of sex, politics, and press coverage of the 2010 British general election. International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(1), 3–20. doi:10.1177/1940161212457814
  • Rubin, J. (2016, September 27). Debate night: Clinton vs. Trump. Washington Post.
  • Rucker, P., Costa, R. & Gold, M. (2016, September 27). As Clinton builds on a strong debate, Trump lobs attacks and complaints. Washington Post.
  • Sargent, G. (2016, October 10). Trump’s real debate goal was to publicly humiliate Clinton. Washington Post.
  • Sheeler, K. H., & Anderson, K. V. (2013). Woman president: Confronting postfeminist political culture. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
  • Sklar, K. K. (2008). A women’s history report card on Hillary Rodham Clinton’s presidential primary campaign, 2008. Feminist Studies, 34(1/2), 315–322.
  • Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., & Ross, K. (1996). Women MPs and the media: Representing the body politic. Parliamentary Affairs, 49(1), 103–115. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a028661
  • Tharoor, I. (2016, September 26). The first Trump-Clinton debate: Beware these foreign policy myths. Washington Post.
  • The essence of democracy, continued. (2016, October 19). Washington Post.
  • Trimble, L., & Treiberg, N. (2010). “Either way, there’s going to be a man in charge”: Media representations of New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark. In R. Murray (Ed.), Cracking the highest glass ceiling: A global comparison of women’s campaigns for executive office (pp. 115–136). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
  • Tumulty, K. (2016, September 27). Clinton’s plan: Poke at tender points in opponent’s thin skin. Washington Post.
  • Twohey, M., Eder, S., & Lichtblau, E. (2016, October 10). Surplus of half-truths as Clinton and Trump debate a second time. New York Times.
  • Van Zoonen, L., & Harmer, E. (2011). The visual challenge of celebrity politics? Female politicians in Grazia. Celebrity Studies, 2(1), 94–96. doi:10.1080/19392397.2011.544171
  • Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2000). Constructed masculinities in U.S. presidential campaigns: The case of 1992. In A. Sreberny & L. van Zoonen (Eds.), Gender, politics, and communication (pp. 53–78). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2019). Emotions, media, and politics. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press.
  • Waldman, P. (2016, September 26). The debate over campaign lies heats up, yet the media seem all but impotent. Washington Post.
  • Wallace, N. (2016, September 26). The minivan vs. the Maserati. New York Times.
  • Walsh, D. (2016, October 10). Donald Trump’s loyalists AREN’T fleeing the latest storm. New York Times.
  • Weigel, D. (2016, September 27). Five arguments for why Trump won the debate. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/27/five-arguments-for-why-trump-won-the-debate/
  • Why he should not be president. (2016, September 26). New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/26/opinion/why-donald-trump-should-not-be-president.html
  • Zulli, D. (2019). The changing norms of gendered news coverage: Hillary Clinton in the New York Times, 1969–2016. Politics and Gender, 15(3), 599–621. doi:10.1017/S1743923X18000466

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.