11,500
Views
85
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Maternal immunization: where are we now and how to move forward?

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 193-208 | Received 30 Aug 2017, Accepted 20 Dec 2017, Published online: 17 Jan 2018

References

  • Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy and infection. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2211–2218.
  • Sakala IG, Honda-Okubo Y, Fung J, et al. Influenza immunization during pregnancy: benefits for mother and infant. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:3065–3071.
  • GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1725–1774.
  • Rasmussen SA, Watson AK, Kennedy ED, et al. Vaccines and pregnancy: past, present, and future. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19:161–169.
  • Keller-Stanislawski B, Englund JA, Kang G, et al. Safety of immunization during pregnancy: a review of the evidence of selected inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Vaccine. 2014;32:7057–7064.
  • Omer SB. Maternal immunization. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1256–1267.
  • Baxter D. Approaches to the vaccination of pregnant women: experience from Stockport, UK, with prenatal influenza. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9:1360–1363.
  • Panda B, Stiller R, Panda A. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy and factors for lacking compliance with current CDC guidelines. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24:402–406.
  • Larson HJ. Maternal immunization: the new “normal” (or it should be). Vaccine. 2015;33:6374–6375.
  • Mor G, Cardenas I. The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63:425–433.
  • Neu N, Duchon J, Zachariah P. TORCH infections. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42:77–103.
  • Gellersen B, Brosens IA, Brosens JJ. Decidualization of the human endometrium: mechanisms, functions, and clinical perspectives. Semin Reprod Med. 2007;25:445–453.
  • Chaouat G, Petitbarat M, Dubanchet S, et al. Tolerance to the foetal allograft? Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63:624–636.
  • Robinson DP, Klein SL. Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Horm Behav. 2012;62:263–271.
  • Palmeira P, Quinello C, Silveira-Lessa AL, et al. IgG placental transfer in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:985646.
  • Faucette AN, Unger BL, Gonik B, et al. Maternal vaccination: moving the science forward. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21:119–135.
  • Chu HY, Englund JA. Maternal immunization. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:560–568.
  • Eberhardt CS, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lemaitre B, et al. Pertussis antibody transfer to preterm neonates after second- versus third-trimester maternal immunization. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:1129–1132.
  • Eberhardt CS, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lemaitre B, et al. Maternal immunization earlier in pregnancy maximizes antibody transfer and expected infant seropositivity against pertussis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:829–836.
  • Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Immunology of breast milk. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2016;62:584–593.
  • De Schutter S, Maertens K, Baerts L, et al. Quantification of vaccine-induced antipertussis toxin secretory IgA antibodies in breast milk: comparison of different vaccination strategies in women. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:e149–e152.
  • Schlaudecker EP, Steinhoff MC, Omer SB, et al. IgA and neutralizing antibodies to influenza a virus in human milk: a randomized trial of antenatal influenza immunization. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70867.
  • Niewiesk S. Maternal antibodies: clinical significance, mechanism of interference with immune responses, and possible vaccination strategies. Front Immunol. 2014;5:446.
  • Maertens K, Cabore RN, Huygen K, et al. Pertussis vaccination during pregnancy in Belgium: follow-up of infants until 1 month after the fourth infant pertussis vaccination at 15 months of age. Vaccine. 2016;34:3613–3619.
  • Edwards KM. Maternal antibodies and infant immune responses to vaccines. Vaccine. 2015;33:6469–6472.
  • Amirthalingam G, Campbell H, Ribeiro S, et al. Sustained effectiveness of the maternal pertussis immunization program in England 3 years following introduction. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:S236–S243.
  • World Health Organization. Tetanus vaccine. WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2006;81:198–208.
  • Thwaites CL, Beeching NJ, Newton CR. Maternal and neonatal tetanus. Lancet. 2015;385:362–370.
  • World Health Organization. Maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) elimination [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Oct 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/MNTE_initiative/en/
  • World Health Organization. Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – September 2015. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90:433–458.
  • Domenech de Celles M, Magpantay FM, King AA, Rohani P. The pertussis enigma: reconciling epidemiology, immunology and evolution. Proc Biol Sci. 2016;283. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2015.2309
  • Jakinovich A, Sood SK. Pertussis: still a cause of death, seven decades into vaccination. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2014;26:597–604.
  • Burns DL, Meade BD, Messionnier NE. Pertussis resurgence: perspectives from the Working Group Meeting on pertussis on the causes, possible paths forward, and gaps in our knowledge. J Infect Dis. 2014;209: S32–S35.
  • World Health Organization. WHO SAGE pertussis working group. Background paper. SAGE April 2014 [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2016 Sep 23]. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/1_Pertussis_background_FINAL4_web.pdf?ua=
  • Wiley KE, Zuo Y, Macartney KK, et al. Sources of pertussis infection in young infants: a review of key evidence informing targeting of the cocoon strategy. Vaccine. 2013;31:618–625.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women and persons who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant aged <12 months – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1424–1426.
  • Healy CM, Rench MA, Montesinos DP, et al. Knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women and their providers towards recommendations for immunization during pregnancy. Vaccine. 2015;33:5445–5451.
  • Terranella A, Asay GR, Messonnier ML, et al. Pregnancy dose Tdap and postpartum cocooning to prevent infant pertussis: a decision analysis. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e1748–e1756.
  • McMillan M, Clarke M, Parrella A, et al. Safety of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–573.
  • Gkentzi D, Katsakiori P, Marangos M, et al. Maternal vaccination against pertussis: a systematic review of the recent literature. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017;102:F456–F463.
  • Vizzotti C, Juarez MV, Bergel E, et al. Impact of a maternal immunization program against pertussis in a developing country. Vaccine. 2016;34:6223–6228.
  • Tomovici A, Barreto L, Zickler P, et al. Humoral immunity 10 years after booster immunization with an adolescent and adult formulation combined tetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine. Vaccine. 2012;30:2647–2653.
  • Halperin BA, Morris A, Mackinnon-Cameron D, et al. Kinetics of the antibody response to tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine in women of childbearing age and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:885–892.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:131–135.
  • Winter K, Nickell S, Powell M, et al. Effectiveness of prenatal versus postpartum tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination in preventing infant pertussis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:3–8.
  • Winter K, Cherry JD, Harriman K. Effectiveness of prenatal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination on pertussis severity in infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:9–14.
  • Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of teleconference on Thursday 30 August 2012 10.00 am – 12.00 am and post-teleconference discussion [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Jan 16]. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402145952/http://media.dh.gov.uk/network/261/files/2012/09/pertussis-teleconference-minute-to-committee-v4.pdf
  • Public Health England. Pertussis vaccination programme for pregnant women update: vaccine coverage in England, April to June 2017. Health Protect Rep. 2017;11:34.
  • Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Uyeki TM. Effects of influenza on pregnant women and infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:S3–S8.
  • Almond D, Currie J. Killing me softly: the fetal origins hypothesis. J Econ Perspect. 2011;25:153–172.
  • Principi N, Senatore L, Esposito S. Protection of young children from influenza through universal vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11:2350–2358.
  • Mak TK, Mangtani P, Leese J, et al. Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: current evidence and selected national policies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:44–52.
  • Blanchard-Rohner G, Meier S, Bel M, et al. Influenza vaccination given at least 2 weeks before delivery to pregnant women facilitates transmission of seroprotective influenza-specific antibodies to the newborn. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:1374–1380.
  • Eick AA, Uyeki TM, Klimov A, et al. Maternal influenza vaccination and effect on influenza virus infection in young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:104–111.
  • Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, et al. Influenza vaccine given to pregnant women reduces hospitalization due to influenza in their infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1355–1361.
  • Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, et al. Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:S141–S148.
  • Dabrera G, Zhao H, Andrews N, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy in preventing influenza infection in infants, England, 2013/14. Euro Surveill. 2014;19:20959.
  • Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE, et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1555–1564.
  • Omer SB, Richards JL, Madhi SA, et al. Three randomized trials of maternal influenza immunization in Mali, Nepal, and South Africa: methods and expectations. Vaccine 2015;33:3801–3812.
  • Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Kuwanda L, et al. Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:918–931.
  • Steinhoff MC, Katz J, Englund JA, et al. Year-round influenza immunisation during pregnancy in Nepal: a phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:981–989.
  • McMillan M, Porritt K, Kralik D, et al. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review of fetal death, spontaneous abortion, and congenital malformation safety outcomes. Vaccine. 2015;33:2108–2117.
  • Haberg SE, Trogstad L, Gunnes N, et al. Risk of fetal death after pandemic influenza virus infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:333–340.
  • Nunes MC, Aqil AR, Omer SB, et al. The effects of influenza vaccination during pregnancy on birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33:1104–1114.
  • Ludvigsson JF, Strom P, Lundholm C, et al. Maternal vaccination against H1N1 influenza and offspring mortality: population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ 2015;351:h5585.
  • Donahue JG, Kieke BA, King JP, et al. Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine containing H1N1pdm09 in 2010-11 and 2011–12. Vaccine. 2017;35:5314–5322.
  • World Health Organization. Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper – November 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87:461–476.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2013-2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1–43.
  • Ortiz JR, Perut M, Dumolard L, et al. A global review of national influenza immunization policies: analysis of the 2014 WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on immunization. Vaccine. 2016;34:5400–5405.
  • Toback SL, Beigi R, Tennis P, et al. Maternal outcomes among pregnant women receiving live attenuated influenza vaccine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012;6:44–51.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Seasonal influenza vaccination in Europe – Overview of vaccination recommendations and coverage rates in the EU Member States for the 2012–13 influenza season. Sweden: ECDPC; 2015.
  • Mereckiene J, Cotter S, Nicoll A, et al. Seasonal influenza immunisation in Europe. Overview of recommendations and vaccination coverage for three seasons: pre-pandemic (2008/09), pandemic (2009/10) and post-pandemic (2010/11). Euro Surveill. 2014;19:20780. DOI:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.16.20780
  • Yuet Sheung Yuen C, Yee Tak Fong D, Lai Yin Lee I, et al. Prevalence and predictors of maternal seasonal influenza vaccination in Hong Kong. Vaccine. 2013;31:5281–5288.
  • Ding H, Black CL, Ball S, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women – United States, 2014-15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:1000–1005.
  • Vizzotti C, Neyro S, Katz N, et al. Maternal immunization in Argentina: a storyline from the prospective of a middle income country. Vaccine. 2015;33:6413–6419.
  • Kfouri RA, Richtmann R. Influenza vaccine in pregnant women: immunization coverage and associated factors. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2013;11:53–57.
  • Meharry PM, Colson ER, Grizas AP, et al. Reasons why women accept or reject the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) during pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17:156–164.
  • Henninger M, Naleway A, Crane B, et al. Predictors of seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121:741–749.
  • World Health Organization. WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines – June 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87:261–276.
  • Navabakhsh B, Mehrabi N, Estakhri A, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy: transmission and prevention. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2011;3:92–102.
  • Beasley RP. Hepatitis B virus. The major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1988;61:1942–1956.
  • Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older – United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:88–90.
  • World Health Organization. Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85:117–128.
  • World Health Organization. Japanese encephalitis vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2015. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90:69–87.
  • World Health Organization. Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86:241–256.
  • World Health Organization. Vaccines and vaccination against yellow fever. WHO position paper – June 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88:269–283.
  • World Health Organization. Global Advisory Committee on vaccine safety, 16–17 June 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85:285–292.
  • Manning SE, Rupprecht CE, Fishbein D, et al. Human rabies prevention – United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57:1–28.
  • Wright JG, Quinn CP, Shadomy S, et al. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59:1–30.
  • Chaithongwongwatthana S, Yamasmit W, Limpongsanurak S, et al. Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD004903. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004903.pub3
  • Acosta PL, Caballero MT, Polack FP. Brief history and characterization of enhanced respiratory syncytial virus disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015;23:189–195.
  • Modjarrad K, Giersing B, Kaslow DC, et al. WHO consultation on respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development report from a World Health Organization meeting held on 23–24 March 2015. Vaccine. 2016;34:190–197.
  • Anderson LJ, Dormitzer PR, Nokes DJ, et al. Strategic priorities for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine development. Vaccine. 2013;31(Suppl 2):B209–B215.
  • Kobayashi M, Vekemans J, Baker CJ, et al. Group B Streptococcus vaccine development: present status and future considerations, with emphasis on perspectives for low and middle income countries. F1000Res. 2016;5:2355. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.9363.1
  • Schleiss MR. Cytomegalovirus vaccines under clinical development. J Virus Erad. 2016;2:198–207.
  • Corey L, Wald A. Maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1376–1385.
  • Regan AK. The safety of maternal immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:3132–3136.
  • Beeler JA, Lambach P, Fulton TR, et al. A systematic review of ethical issues in vaccine studies involving pregnant women. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:1952–1959.
  • Cassidy C, MacDonald NE, Steenbeek A, et al. A global survey of adverse event following immunization surveillance systems for pregnant women and their infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:2010–2016.
  • Fulton TR, Narayanan D, Bonhoeffer J, et al. A systematic review of adverse events following immunization during pregnancy and the newborn period. Vaccine. 2015;33:6453–6465.
  • Munoz FM, Eckert LO, Katz MA, et al. Key terms for the assessment of the safety of vaccines in pregnancy: results of a global consultative process to initiate harmonization of adverse event definitions. Vaccine. 2015;33:6441–6452.
  • Bonhoeffer J, Kochhar S, Hirschfeld S, et al. Global alignment of immunization safety assessment in pregnancy – the GAIA project. Vaccine. 2016;34:5993–5997.
  • Roberts JN, Gruber MF. Regulatory considerations in the clinical development of vaccines indicated for use during pregnancy. Vaccine. 2015;33:966–972.
  • Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Boostrix®-IPV suspension for injection in pre-filled syringe. Summary of Product Characteristics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/28679#PREGNANCY
  • Health Protection Scotland. Vaccination against pertussis (whopping cough) – the replacement of Repevax® with Boostrix®-IPV – an update for registered healthcare practitioners. Questions and Answers [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Mar 6]. Available from: http://www.nes.scot.nhs.uk/media/2699690/faqs-pertussis_final30052014.pdf
  • Wilson RJ, Paterson P, Jarrett C, et al. Understanding factors influencing vaccination acceptance during pregnancy globally: a literature review. Vaccine. 2015;33:6420–6429.
  • Moniz MH, Beigi RH. Maternal immunization. Clinical experiences, challenges, and opportunities in vaccine acceptance. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10:2562–2570.
  • Maertens K, Braeckman T, Top G, et al. Maternal pertussis and influenza immunization coverage and attitude of health care workers towards these recommendations in Flanders, Belgium. Vaccine. 2016;34:5785–5791.
  • Ishola DA Jr, Permalloo N, Cordery RJ, et al. Midwives' influenza vaccine uptake and their views on vaccination of pregnant women. J Public Health (Oxf). 2013;35:570–577.
  • MacDougall DM, Halperin SA. Improving rates of maternal immunization: Challenges and opportunities. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:857–865.
  • Gruber MF. The US FDA pregnancy lactation and labeling rule – implications for maternal immunization. Vaccine. 2015;33:6499–6500.
  • World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Addendum to: Annex 3 of WHO Technical Report Series, No. 927. Recommendations for the production and control of influenza vaccine (inactivated). Appendix 4. Labelling information of inactivated influenza vaccines for use in pregnant women [Internet]. Geneva, 2016 Oct 17–21. 2016 [cited 2017 May 17]. Available from: http://who.int/biologicals/expert_committee/Label_after_ECBS_HK_28_Oct_2016.clean.pdf
  • Food and Drug Administration. Medical product communications that are consistent with the FDA-required labeling – questions and answers. Guidance for industry (Draft) [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm537130.pdf
  • Kharbanda EO, Vazquez-Benitez G, Lipkind HS, et al. Maternal Tdap vaccination: coverage and acute safety outcomes in the vaccine safety datalink, 2007-2013. Vaccine. 2016;34:968–973.
  • World Health Organization. WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2016 global summary [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Feb 26]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/schedules
  • Bodeker B, Walter D, Reiter S, et al. Cross-sectional study on factors associated with influenza vaccine uptake and pertussis vaccination status among pregnant women in Germany. Vaccine. 2014;32:4131–4139.
  • Gaudelus J, Martinot A, Denis F, et al. Vaccination of pregnant women in France. Med Mal Infect. 2016;46:424–428.
  • National Immunisation Advisory Committee. Immunisation guidelines for Ireland [Internet]. Dublin (Ireland): Health Service Executive; 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 24]. Available from: http://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/guidelines/
  • Department of Health. The Australian immunisation handbook [Internet]. 10th ed. Canberra (Australia): Australian Government, Department of Health; 2015 [cited 2017 Nov 22]. Available from: http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home
  • Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minute of the meeting on 3 February 2016, Oxford Martin School, Oxford [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Apr 19]. Available from: https://app.box.com/s/iddfb4ppwkmtjusir2tc/1/2199012147/66698939189/1