2,383
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atrial fibrillation: a review

, &
Pages 371-380 | Received 25 Feb 2018, Accepted 18 Jun 2018, Published online: 24 Jul 2018

References

  • European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetologia. 2016;59:1121–1140.
  • Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metab Clin Exp. 2016;65:1038–1048.
  • Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73–84.
  • Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. J Hepatol. 2015;62:S47–S64.
  • Mahfood Haddad T, Hamdeh S, Kanmanthareddy A, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of clinical cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017;11 Suppl 1:S209–S216.
  • Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50:e1–e88.
  • Rahman F, Kwan GF, Benjamin EJ. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11:639–654.
  • Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:949–953.
  • Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110:1042–1046.
  • Targher G, Valbusa F, Bonapace S, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One.2013;8:e57183.
  • Karajamaki AJ, Patsi OP, Savolainen M, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in middle-aged population (OPERA Study). PLoS One. 2015;10:e0142937.
  • Targher G, Mantovani A, Pichiri I, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci. 2013;125:301–309.
  • Markus MR, Meffert PJ, Baumeister SE, et al. Association between hepatic steatosis and serum liver enzyme levels with atrial fibrillation in the general population: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Atherosclerosis. 2016;245:123–131.
  • Long MT, Yin X, Larson MG, et al. Relations of liver fat with prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e005227.
  • Andrade J, Khairy P, Dobrev D, et al. The clinical profile and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms. Circ Res. 2014;114:1453–1468.
  • Makar GA, Weiner MG, Kimmel SE, et al. Incidence and prevalence of abnormal liver associated enzymes in patients with atrial fibrillation in a routine clinical care population. Pharmacoepidem Drug Safe. 2008;17:43–51.
  • Sinner MF, Wang N, Fox CS, et al. Relation of circulating liver transaminase concentrations to risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:219–224.
  • Alonso A, Misialek JR, Amiin MA, et al. Circulating levels of liver enzymes and incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort. Heart. 2014;100:1511–1516.
  • Schutte R, Whincup PH, Papacosta O, et al. Liver enzymes are not directly involved in atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2017;47:583–590.
  • Wijarnpreecha K, Boonpheng B, Thongprayoon C, et al. The association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2017;41:525–532.
  • You SC, Yang P, Kim T, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with new onset atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study in Korea. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:854.
  • Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, et al. The fatty liver index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;6:33.
  • Minhas AM, Usman MS, Khan MS, et al. Link between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2017; 69:e1142.
  • Zhou Y, Lai C, Peng C, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a predictor of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Interv Cardiol. 2017;13:250–257.
  • Karajamaki AJ, Kettunen O, Lepojarvi S, et al. Presence of atrial fibrillation is associated with liver stiffness in an elderly Finnish population. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0173855.
  • Mikolasevic I, Orlic L, Franjic N, et al. Transient elastography (FibroScan((R))) with controlled attenuation parameter in the assessment of liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – Where do we stand? World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:7236–7251.
  • Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45:846–854.
  • Ekstedt M, Hagstrom H, Nasr P, et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2015;61:1547–1554.
  • Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:389–397.e10.
  • Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;65:1557–1565.
  • Calzadilla Bertot L, Adams LA. The natural course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:774.
  • Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for the progression of paroxysmal to permanent atrial fibrillation: a longitudinal cohort study of 21 years. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2227–2233.
  • Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2004;292:2471–2477.
  • Smith U. Abdominal obesity: a marker of ectopic fat accumulation. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:1790–1792.
  • Matloch Z, Kotulak T, Haluzik M. The role of epicardial adipose tissue in heart disease. Physiol Res. 2016;65:23–32.
  • Graner M, Nyman K, Siren R, et al. Ectopic fat depots and left ventricular function in nondiabetic men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;8:e001979.
  • Wong CX, Sun MT, Odutayo A, et al. Associations of epicardial, abdominal, and overall adiposity with atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9:e004378.
  • Bos D, Vernooij MW, Shahzad R, et al. Epicardial fat volume and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the general population free of cardiovascular disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:1405–1407.
  • Bonapace S, Perseghin G, Molon G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:389–395.
  • Fotbolcu H, Yakar T, Duman D, et al. Impairment of the left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cardiol J. 2010;17:457–463.
  • Jung JY, Park SK, Ryoo JH, et al. Effect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on left ventricular diastolic function and geometry in the Korean general population. Hepatol Res. 2017;47:522–532.
  • Nagarakanti R, Ezekowitz M. Diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2008;22:111–118.
  • Uetake S, Maruyama M, Yamamoto T, et al. Left ventricular stiffness estimated by diastolic wall strain is associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in structurally normal hearts. Clin Cardiol. 2016;39:728–732.
  • Rabkin SW. The relationship between epicardial fat and indices of obesity and the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014;12:31–42.
  • Shah RV, Anderson A, Ding J, et al. Pericardial, but not hepatic, fat by CT is associated with CV outcomes and structure: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:1016–1027.
  • Käräjämäki AJ, Bloigu R, Kauma H, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with and without metabolic syndrome: different long-term outcomes. Metabolism. 2017;66:55–63.
  • Cho KI, Jo EA, Cho SH, et al. The influence of epicardial fat and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on heart rate recovery in metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2017;15:226–232.
  • Liu YC, Hung CS, Wu YW, et al. Influence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on autonomic changes evaluated by the time domain, frequency domain, and symbolic dynamics of heart rate variability. PLoS One. 2013;8:e61803.
  • Park HW, Shen MJ, Lin SF, et al. Neural mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2012;27:24–28.
  • Perkiomaki J, Ukkola O, Kiviniemi A, et al. Heart rate variability findings as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in middle-aged population. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2014;25:719–724.
  • Shen MJ, Zipes DP. Role of the autonomic nervous system in modulating cardiac arrhythmias. Circ Res. 2014;114:1004–1021.
  • Hatem SN, Sanders P. Epicardial adipose tissue and atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;102:205–213.
  • Eijsbouts SC, Majidi M, van Zandvoort M, et al. Effects of acute atrial dilation on heterogeneity in conduction in the isolated rabbit heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:269–278.
  • Ballestri S, Lonardo A, Bonapace S, et al. Risk of cardiovascular, cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:1724–1745.
  • Ozveren O, Izgi C, Eroglu E, et al. Doppler tissue evaluation of atrial conduction properties in patients with non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease. Ultrason Imaging. 2016;38:225–235.
  • Wijesurendra RS, Casadei B. Atrial fibrillation: effects beyond the atrium? Cardiovasc Res. 2015;105:238–247.
  • Guo Y, Lip GY, Apostolakis S. Inflammation in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:2263–2270.
  • Harada M, Van Wagoner DR, Nattel S. Role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and management. Circ J. 2015;79:495–502.
  • Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2003;108:3006–3010.
  • Ndumele CE, Nasir K, Conceicao RD, et al. Hepatic steatosis, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome are independently and additively associated with increased systemic inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:1927–1932.
  • Foroughi M, Maghsoudi Z, Khayyatzadeh S, et al. Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and inflammation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Adv Biomed Res. 2016;5:28–9175.
  • Czaja AJ. Hepatic inflammation and progressive liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:2515–2532.
  • Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S, et al. NASH predicts plasma inflammatory biomarkers independently of visceral fat in men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008; Jun16:1394–1399.
  • Ding YH, Ma Y, Qian LY, et al. Linking atrial fibrillation with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: potential common therapeutic targets. Oncotarget. 2017;8:60673–60683.
  • Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2016;65:1062–1079.
  • Indumathy J, Pal GK, Pal P, et al. Association of sympathovagal imbalance with obesity indices, and abnormal metabolic biomarkers and cardiovascular parameters. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:55–66.
  • Sztajzel J, Golay A, Makoundou V, et al. Impact of body fat mass extent on cardiac autonomic alterations in women. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39:649–656.
  • Lavie CJ, Alpert MA, Arena R, et al. Impact of obesity and the obesity paradox on prevalence and prognosis in heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1:93–102.
  • Bleau C, Karelis AD, St-Pierre DH, et al. Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle as an early event in systemic low-grade inflammation and the development of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2015;31:545–561.
  • Exley MA, Hand L, O'Shea D, et al. Interplay between the immune system and adipose tissue in obesity. J Endocrinol. 2014;223:R41–R48.
  • Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:461S–465S.
  • Mahajan R, Lau DH, Brooks AG, et al. Electrophysiological, electroanatomical, and structural remodeling of the atria as consequences of sustained obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1–11.
  • Abed HS, Samuel CS, Lau DH, et al. Obesity results in progressive atrial structural and electrical remodeling: implications for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:90–100.
  • Tselentakis EV, Woodford E, Chandy J, et al. Inflammation effects on the electrical properties of atrial tissue and inducibility of postoperative atrial fibrillation. J Surg Res. 2006;135:68–75.
  • Luttmann-Gibson H, Suh HH, Coull BA, et al. Systemic inflammation, heart rate variability and air pollution in a cohort of senior adults. Occup Environ Med. 2010;67:625–630.
  • Käräjämäki AJ. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - perspectives to etiology, complications and lipid metabolism [dissertation]. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. D, Medica: University of Oulu; 2018.
  • Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Venkatesan C, et al. In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolically abnormal individuals are at a higher risk for mortality while metabolically normal individuals are not. Metabolism. 2013;62:352–360.
  • Yki JH. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:901–910.
  • Mantovani A, Nascimbeni F. Is it time to include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the current risk scores for atrial fibrillation? Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50:626–628.
  • Mantovani A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and risk of cardiac arrhythmias: a new aspect of the liver-heart axis. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2017;5:134–141.
  • Targher G, Valbusa F, Bonapace S, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with QTc interval in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;9:e88371–e88669.
  • Hung CS, Tseng PH, Tu CH, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with QT prolongation in the general population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e001820.
  • Mantovani A, Rigamonti A, Bonapace S, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with ventricular arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes referred for clinically indicated 24-hour Holter monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1416–1423.
  • Mantovani A, Rigolon R, Pichiri I, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an increased risk of heart block in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0185459.
  • Zhang Z, Zhang X, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Thiazolidinedione use and atrial fibrillation in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17:96.
  • Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2297–2307.
  • Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1675–1685.
  • Aithal GP, Thomas JA, Kaye PV, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1176–1184.
  • Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Adiponectin as a target for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with thiazolidinediones: a systematic review. Metabolism. 2016;65:1297–1306.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.