Clinical features and high-resolution chest computerized tomography findings of children infected by the B.1.617.2 variant of coronavirus disease 2019

References

• Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-Cov-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr TN, Greaney AJ, Dingens AS, et al. Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016. Cell Rep Med. 2021;2(4):100255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joshi N, Tyagi A, Nigam S. Molecular level dissection of critical spike mutations in SARS-Cov-2 variants of concern (VOSs): a simplified review. Chemistryselect. 2021;6(31):7981–7998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tareq AM, Emran TB, Dhama K, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in surging second wave of covid-19 and efficacy of vaccines in tackling the ongoing pandemic. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2021; 17: 4126–4127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiangsu Commission of Health. http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2021/7/21/art_7290_9893771.html. (Accessed July 28, 2022)
   Google Scholar
• Zavascki AP, Falci DR. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1859–1859.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(6):1088–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel NA. Pediatric COVID-19: systematic review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(5):102573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;179(7):1029–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu XX, Zhang LQ, Du H, Chinese Pediatric Novel Coronavirus Study Team, et al. SARS-Cov-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1663–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry BM, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1135–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimpour L, Marashi M, Zamanian H, et al. Computed tomography findings in 3,557 COVID-19 infected children: a systematic review. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2021;11(11):4644–4660. +.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocols of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Trial Version 8 Revised). 2021. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202104/7de0b3837c8b4606a0594aeb0105232b.shtml. (Accessed November 10, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008;246(3):697–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Bloxham CJ, Hulme KD, et al. A meta-analysis on the role of children in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in household transmission clusters. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(12):E1146–E1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonker LM, Neilan AM, Bartsch Y, et al. Pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): clinical presentation, infectivity, and immune responses. J Pediatr. 2020;227:45–52.e45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones TC, Biele G, Mühlemann B, et al. Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course. Science, 2021, 373(6551):eabi5273.
   Google Scholar
• Lee B, Raszka WVJP. COVID-19 transmission and children: the child is not to blame. Pediatrics. 2020;146(2):e2020004879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szablewski CM, Chang KT, Brown MM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection among attendees of an overnight camp—Georgia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(31):1023–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Halloran ME, et al. Population-wide benefits of routine vaccination of children against influenza. Vaccine. 2005;23(10):1284–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20200702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan Y-N, Zhu Y-Q, Tang L-L, et al. CT features of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in children. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(8):4427–4433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus infections in children including COVID-19 an overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention options in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(5):355–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignjatovic V, Mertyn E, Monagle P. The coagulation system in children: developmental and pathophysiological considerations. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2011;37(7):723–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce CA, Preston-Hurlburt P, Dai Y, et al. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(564):eabd5487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose RJ, Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(6):e46–e47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacher P, Rosati E, Esser D, et al. Low-avidity CD4+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in unexposed individuals and humans with severe COVID-19. Immunity. 2020;53(6): 1258–1271. e5.
   Google Scholar
• Laidlaw BJ, Cui W, Amezquita RA, et al. Production of Il-10 by Cd4+ regulatory T cells during the resolution of infection promotes the maturation of memory Cd8+ T cells. Nat Immunol. 2015;16(8):871–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QinC Z. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:762–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza TH, Nadal JA, Nogueira RJ, et al. Clinical manifestations of children with COVID‐19: a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(8):1892–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi Shahri M, Niazkar HR, Rad F. COVID‐19 and hematology findings based on the current evidences: a puzzle with many missing pieces. Int J Lab Hematol. 2021;43(2):160–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMartino AW, Rose JJ, Amdahl MB, et al. No evidence of hemoglobin damage by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Haematologica. 2020;105(12):2769–2773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual-Guàrdia S, Ferrer A, Díaz Ó, et al. Absence of relevant clinical effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 in patients with COVID-19. Arch Bronconeumol. 2021;57:757–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K-C, Xu P, Lv W-F, et al. CT manifestations of coronavirus disease-2019: a retrospective analysis of 73 cases by disease severity. Eur J Radiol. 2020;126:108941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Singh J, Hasnain SE, et al. Possible link between higher transmissibility of alpha, kappa and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 and increased structural stability of its spike protein and Hace2 affinity. IJMS. 2021;22(17):9131.
   Google Scholar
• Arora P, Sidarovich A, Krüger N, et al. B. 1.617. 2 enters and fuses lung cells with increased efficiency and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. Cell Rep. 2021;37(2):109825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito A, Irie T, Suzuki R, The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium, et al. Enhanced fusogenicity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Delta P681r mutation. Nature. 2022;602(7896):300–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia W, Shao J, Guo Y, et al. Clinical and Ct features in pediatric patients with COVID‐19 infection: different points from adults. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(5):1169–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar