First detection of Varicella Zoster Virus clade 9 cases in India during mpox surveillance

References

• Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996;9(3):1–10. doi: 10.1128/CMR.9.3.361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF . Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57(RR-5):1–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh MP, Singh G, Kumar A, et al. Epidemiologic lessons: chickenpox outbreak investigation in a rural community around Chandigarh, North India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54(4):772–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry M, Akkielah L, Al-Tawfiq AJ, et al. Not every skin rash in a returning adult male traveler is monkeypox. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022; 50:102432. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNeil A, Reynolds MG, Braden Z, et al. Transmission of atypical Varicella-Zoster virus infections involving palm and sole manifestations in an area with monkeypox endemicity. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(1):e6–e8. Jandoi: 10.1086/595552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison AJ, Scott JE. The complete DNA sequence of Varicella-Zoster virus. J Gen Virol. 1986;67 (Pt 9)(9):1759–1816. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-9-1759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen JI. The varicella-zoster virus genome. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2010;342:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver SL, Yang E, Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins: entry, replication, and pathogenesis. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2016;3(4):204–215. doi: 10.1007/s40588-016-0044-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Z, Selariu A, Warden C, et al. Genome-wide mutagenesis reveals that ORF7 is a novel VZV skin-tropic factor. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(7):e1000971. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRussa P, Lungu O, Hardy I, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of polymerase chain reaction products from vaccine and wild-type varicella-zoster virus isolates. J Virol. 1992;66(2):1016–1020. doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.1016-1020.1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanasit JS, Sauerbrei A. Evolution and world-wide distribution of Varicella–Zoster virus clades. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11(1):1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.08.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loparev VN, Gonzalez A, Deleon CM, et al. Global identification of three major genotypes of Varicella-Zoster virus: longitudinal clustering and strategies for genotyping. J Virol. 2004;78(15):8349–8358. doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.15.8349-8358.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer J, Grose C, Norberg P, et al. A proposal for a common nomenclature for viral clades that form the species varicella-zoster virus: summary of VZV nomenclature meeting 2008, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 24-25 July 2008. J Gen Virol. 2010; 91(Pt 4):821–828. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.017814-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zell R, Taudien S, Pfaff F, et al. Sequencing of 21 varicella-zoster virus genomes reveals two novel genotypes and evidence of recombination. J Virol. 2012;86(3):1608–1622. doi: 10.1128/JVI.06233-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norberg P, Depledge DP, Kundu S, et al. Recombination of globally circulating varicella-zoster virus. J Virol. 2015;89(14):7133–7146. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00437-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen NJ, Rivailler P, Tseng FH, et al. Revisiting the genotyping scheme for varicella-zoster viruses based on whole-genome comparisons. J Gen Virol. 2017;98(6):1434–1438. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loparev VN, Rubtcova EN, Bostik V, et al. Identification of five major and two minor genotypes of varicella-zoster virus strains: a practical two-amplicon approach used to genotype clinical isolates in Australia and New Zealand. J Virol. 2007;81(23):12758–12765. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01145-07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant P, Yildirim T, Griesemer SB, et al. Vaccine strain and wild-type clades of Varicella-Zoster virus in Central nervous system and Non-CNS disease, New York state, 2004–2019. J Clin Microbiol. 2022;60(4):e0238121. doi: 10.1128/jcm.02381-21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya SR, Tilavat SM, Kumbhar NS, et al. Chickenpox outbreak in a tribal and industrial zone from the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, India. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146(4):476–480. doi: 10.1017/S0950268818000201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Majumdar T, et al. Clinico-epidemiological investigation on Varicella Zoster virus indicates multiple clade circulation in Maharashtra state, India. Heliyon. 2018;4(8):e00757. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyayanit DA, Chaubal G, Sahay R, et al. Molecular characterization of varicella zoster virus isolated from clinical samples in India. Indian J Med Res. 2021;154(4):592–597. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_434_19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen M, Wang ST, Liu Y, et al. Genetic characteristics of varicella zoster virus in Shandong province from 2020 to 2021. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2022;56(8):1080–1086.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quinlivan M, Sengupta N, Papaevangelou V, et al. Use of oral fluid to examine the molecular epidemiology of varicella zoster virus in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(4):588–593. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinlivan M, Sengupta N, Breuer J. A case of varicella caused by coinfection with two different genotypes of Varicella-Zoster virus. J Clin Virol. 2009;44(1):66–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinlivan M, Hawrami K, Barrett-Muir W, et al. The molecular epidemiology of Varicella-Zoster virus: evidence for geographic segregation. J Infect Dis. 2002;186(7):888–894. doi: 10.1086/344228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRussa P, Lungu O, Hardy I, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of polymerase chain reaction products from vaccine and wild-type varicella-zoster virus isolates. J Virol. 1992;66(2):1016–1020.
   Google Scholar
• Hondo R, Yogo Y, Yoshida M, et al. Distribution of varicella-zoster virus strains carrying a Pst1 site-less mutation in Japan and DNA change responsible for the mutation. Jpn J Exp Med. 1989;59(6):233–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harbecke R, Oxman MN, Arnold BA, et al. A real time PCR assay to identify and discriminate among wild-type and vaccine strains of varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus in clinical specimens, and comparison with the clinical diagnoses. J Med Virol. 2009;81(7):1310–1322. doi: 10.1002/jmv.21506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashimoto Y, Ihira M, Ohta A, et al. Discriminating between varicella-zoster virus vaccine and wild-type strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(8):2665–2670. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00216-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihira M, Higashimoto Y, Kawamura Y, et al. Cycling probe technology to quantify and discriminate between wild-type Varicella-Zoster virus and Oka vaccine strains. J Virol Methods. 2013;193(2):308–313. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loparev VN, Argaw T, Krause PR, et al. Improved identification and differentiation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) wild-type strains and an attenuated varicella vaccine strain using a VZV open reading frame 62-based PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(9):3156–3160. doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.9.3156-3160.2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik KS, Lahiri KK, Kapila K, et al. Differentiation of wild-type varicella-zoster strains from India and the oka vaccine strain using a VZV open reading frame-62 based PCR-RFLP technique. Brazi J Infect Dis. 2008;12(4):313–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele S, Borschewski A, Küchler J, et al. Molecular analysis of varicella vaccines and varicella-zoster virus from vaccine-related skin lesions. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18(7):1058–1066. doi: 10.1128/CVI.05021-11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmader KE, Levin MJ, Gnann Jr JW, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster vaccine in persons aged 50–59 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(7):922–928. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez M, Larussa PS, Gershon AA, et al. The effectiveness of the varicella vaccine in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(13):955–960. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200103293441302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRussa P, Steinberg SP, Shapiro E, et al. Viral strain identification in varicella vaccines with disseminated rashes. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(11):1037–1039. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200011000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, et al. Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox. Acta Trop. 1988;45(4):297–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimoin AW, Kisalu N, Kebela-Ilunga B, et al. Endemic human monkeypox, democratic republic of Congo, 2001–2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(6):934–937. doi: 10.3201/eid1306.061540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung J, McCollum AM, Radford K, et al. Varicella in Tshuapa province, democratic republic of Congo, 2009–2014. Trop Med Int Health. 2019;24(7):839–848. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(17):1300–1308. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra020025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, et al. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis. 1987;156(2):293–298. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.2.293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCollum AM, Damon IK. Human monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(2):260–267. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar