Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis

References

• Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022;44(3):1–24. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivunen M, Tynkkynen J, Oksala N, et al. Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death after unstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2022;257:9–19. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2022.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podrid PJ, Myerburg RJ. Epidemiology and stratification of risk for sudden cardiac death. Clin Cardiol. 2005;28(11 Suppl. 1):I3–I11. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960281303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bakker JM, van Capelle FJ, Janse MJ, et al. Reentry as a cause of ventricular tachycardia in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease: electrophysiologic and anatomic correlation. Circulation. 1988;77(3):589–606. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.77.3.589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HS, Jungen C, Kimura Y, et al. Ventricular arrhythmia substrate distribution and its relation to sympathetic innervation in nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2022;8(10):1234–1245. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.07.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wink J, van Delft R, Notenboom RGE, et al. Human adult cardiac autonomic innervation: controversies in anatomical knowledge and relevance for cardiac neuromodulation. Auton Neurosci. 2020;227:102674. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberger JJ, Arora R, Buckley U, et al. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(10):1189–1206. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boogers MJ, Borleffs CJ, Henneman MM, et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation assessed with 123-iodine metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging predicts ventricular arrhythmias in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(24):2769–2777. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaseghi M, Shivkumar K. The role of the autonomic nervous system in sudden cardiac death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;50(6):404–419. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2008.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda K, Kanazawa H, Aizawa Y, et al. Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death. Circ Res. 2015;116(12):2005–2019. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Chen LS, Miyauchi Y, et al. Mechanisms of cardiac nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction in dogs. Circ Res. 2004;95(1):76–83. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000133678.22968.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorentz CU, Parrish DC, Alston EN, et al. Sympathetic denervation of peri-infarct myocardium requires the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Exp Neurol. 2013;249:111–119. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan W, Jama A, Donohue T, et al. Sympathetic hyperinnervation and inflammatory cell NGF synthesis following myocardial infarction in rats. Brain Res. 2006;1124(1):142–154. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.054.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeppenfeld K, van der Geest RJ. The infarct characteristics on magnetic resonance imaging and ventricular tachycardia: do we see what we need to see? Europace. 2011;13(6):770–772. doi: 10.1093/europace/eur025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vracko R, Thorning D, Frederickson RG. Nerve fibers in human myocardial scars. Hum Pathol. 1991;22(2):138–146. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(91)90035-n.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak HN, Qayyum M, Kim DT, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell injection induces cardiac nerve sprouting and increased tenascin expression in a swine model of myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(8):841–848. doi: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.03124.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin P, Pan Y, Zhu W, et al. Favorable effects of resveratrol on sympathetic neural remodeling in rats following myocardial infarction. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;649(1–3):293–300. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen H, Jiang H, Lu Z, et al. Carvedilol ameliorates sympathetic nerve sprouting and electrical remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2010;64(7):446–450. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.01.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Lin MS, Chang NC. Physiological concentration of 17beta-estradiol on sympathetic reinnervation in ovariectomized infarcted rats. Endocrinology. 2008;149(3):1205–1213. doi: 10.1210/en.2007-0859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner RT, Habecker BA. Infarct-derived chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans prevent sympathetic reinnervation after cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury. J Neurosci. 2013;33(17):7175–7183. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5866-12.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge Y, Smits AM, van Munsteren JC, et al. Human epicardium-derived cells reinforce cardiac sympathetic innervation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020;143:26–37. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe GW, Gutierrez H, Howard L, et al. Region-specific role of growth differentiation factor-5 in the establishment of sympathetic innervation. Neural Dev. 2016;11(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13064-016-0060-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar M, Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, et al. Animal models of myocardial infarction: mainstay in clinical translation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;76:221–230. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehdaie A, Cingolani E, Shehata M, et al. Sex differences in cardiac arrhythmias: clinical and research implications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018;11(3):e005680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agesen FN, Lynge TH, Blanche P, et al. Temporal trends and sex differences in sudden cardiac death in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Heart. 2021;107(16):1303–1309. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deo R, Albert CM. Epidemiology and genetics of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2012;125(4):620–637. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber Y, Jacobsen SJ, Frye RL, et al. Secular trends in deaths from cardiovascular diseases: a 25-year community study. Circulation. 2006;113(19):2285–2292. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dart AM, Du XJ, Kingwell BA. Gender, sex hormones and autonomic nervous control of the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53(3):678–687. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00508-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu C, Hanna P, Rajendran PS, et al. Neuromodulation for ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation: a clinical scenario-based review. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;5(8):881–896. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2019.06.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006–1012. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engele LJ, Mulder BJM, Schoones JW, et al. The coronary arteries in adults after the arterial switch operation: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021;8(9):102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppel CJ, Jongbloed MRM, Kies P, et al. Coronary anomalies in tetralogy of Fallot – a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2020;306:78–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.02.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percie Du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. J Physiol. 2020;598(18):3793–3801. doi: 10.1113/JP280389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao JM, Chen LS, KenKnight BH, et al. Nerve sprouting and sudden cardiac death. Circ Res. 2000;86(7):816–821. doi: 10.1161/01.res.86.7.816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye DM, Vaddadi G, Gruskin SL, et al. Reduced myocardial nerve growth factor expression in human and experimental heart failure. Circ Res. 2000;86(7):E80–E84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai AC, Wallner K, Cao JM, et al. Colocalization of tenascin and sympathetic nerves in a canine model of nerve sprouting and sudden cardiac death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000;11(12):1345–1351. doi: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2000.01345.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin GS, Lu JJ, Jiang XJ, et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells improved heart function after myocardial infarction. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004;25(7):876–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swissa M, Zhou S, Gonzalez-Gomez I, et al. Long-term subthreshold electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion and a canine model of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(5):858–864. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Lu Z, Yu Y, et al. Relationship between sympathetic nerve sprouting and repolarization dispersion at peri-infarct zone after myocardial infarction. Auton Neurosci. 2007;134(1–2):18–25. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2007.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Lu Z, Yu Y, et al. Effects of metoprolol on sympathetic remodeling and electrical remodeling at infarcted border zone after myocardial infarction in rabbits. Cardiology. 2007;108(3):176–182. doi: 10.1159/000096647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Lin MS, Chang NC. Effect of pravastatin on sympathetic reinnervation in postinfarcted rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(6):H3617–H3626. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00875.2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang CS, Chen CC, Lin CC, et al. Effect of ATP-sensitive potassium channel agonists on sympathetic hyperinnervation in postinfarcted rat hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009;296(6):H1949–H1959. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00903.2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernli G, Hasan W, Bhattacherjee A, et al. Macrophage depletion suppresses sympathetic hyperinnervation following myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol. 2009;104(6):681–693. doi: 10.1007/s00395-009-0033-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan MJ, Huang CX, Tang YH, et al. A novel peptide ghrelin inhibits neural remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;618(1–3):52–57. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Lai PY, Chang NC. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on sympathetic hyperinnervation in post-infarcted rat hearts. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;85(1):137–146. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvp286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Yuan X, Jin PF, et al. Alteration of parasympathetic/sympathetic ratio in the infarcted myocardium after Schwann cell transplantation modified electrophysiological function of heart: a novel antiarrhythmic therapy. Circulation. 2010;122(11 Suppl.):S193–S200. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.922740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Chen CC, Hsu YJ. Differential effects of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibition on sympathetic reinnervation in postinfarct rat hearts. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(11):1461–1470. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Y, Wang X, Wu G, et al. Artemisinin suppresses sympathetic hyperinnervation following myocardial infarction via anti-inflammatory effects. J Mol Histol. 2012;43(6):737–743. doi: 10.1007/s10735-012-9440-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Chen CC, Chung TH, et al. Effect of sildenafil on ventricular arrhythmias in post-infarcted rat hearts. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;690(1–3):124–132. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Xuan YL, Hu HS, et al. Risk of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction with diabetes associated with sympathetic neural remodeling in rabbits. Cardiology. 2012;121(1):1–9. doi: 10.1159/000336148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Jiang H, Yu L, et al. Desipramine pretreatment improves sympathetic remodeling and ventricular fibrillation threshold after myocardial ischemia. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:732909. doi: 10.1155/2012/732909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang JJ, Yang X, Liu ZQ, et al. Transplantation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells overexpressing heme oxygenase-1 improves functions and remodeling of infarcted myocardium in rabbits. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2012;226(3):231–241. doi: 10.1620/tjem.226.231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajijola OA, Yagishita D, Patel KJ, et al. Focal myocardial infarction induces global remodeling of cardiac sympathetic innervation: neural remodeling in a spatial context. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013;305(7):H1031–H1040. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00434.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drobysheva A, Ahmad M, White R, et al. Cardiac sympathetic innervation and PGP9.5 expression by cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction: effects of central MR blockade. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013;305(12):H1817–H1829. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia YY, Bao ZW, Wei MF, et al. Aliskiren ameliorates sympathetic nerve sprouting and suppresses the inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in postinfarcted rat heart. Chin Med J. 2013;126(24):4707–4714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mias C, Coatrieux C, Denis C, et al. Cardiac fibroblasts regulate sympathetic nerve sprouting and neurocardiac synapse stability. PLOS One. 2013;8(11):e79068. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino MJ, Habecker BA. STAT3 integrates cytokine and neurotrophin signals to promote sympathetic axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2013;56:272–282. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu J, Suo F, et al. Metoprolol-mediated amelioration of sympathetic nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 2013;126(1):50–58. doi: 10.1159/000351074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Suo F, Liu J, et al. Myocardial infarction induces sympathetic hyperinnervation via a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway in rabbit hearts. Neurosci Lett. 2013;535:128–133. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Cai MX, Li YY, et al. Aerobic exercise inhibits sympathetic nerve sprouting and restores beta-adrenergic receptor balance in rats with myocardial infarction. PLOS One. 2014;9(5):e97810. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Zheng S, Huang H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells enhanced cardiac nerve sprouting via nerve growth factor in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(12):2023–2029. doi: 10.2174/13816128113199990451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu H, Xuan Y, Wang Y, et al. Targeted NGF siRNA delivery attenuates sympathetic nerve sprouting and deteriorates cardiac dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction. PLOS One. 2014;9(4):e95106. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Lin SZ, Chang NC. Differential effect of phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors on sympathetic hyperinnervation in healed rat infarcts. Circ J. 2014;78(2):366–376. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Chen WT, Chang NC. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition attenuates arrhythmias via a protein kinase A-dependent pathway in infarcted hearts. Circ J. 2015;79(11):2461–2470. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Lin SZ, Chang NC. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta prevents sympathetic hyperinnervation in infarcted rats. Exp Biol Med. 2015;240(7):979–992. doi: 10.1177/1535370214564746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Chen WT, Yang CC, et al. Sitagliptin attenuates sympathetic innervation via modulating reactive oxygen species and interstitial adenosine in infarcted rat hearts. J Cell Mol Med. 2015;19(2):418–429. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu H, Xuan Y, Xue M, et al. Semaphorin 3A attenuates cardiac autonomic disorders and reduces inducible ventricular arrhythmias in rats with experimental myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s12872-016-0192-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee TM, Chen WT, Chang NC. Sitagliptin decreases ventricular arrhythmias by attenuated glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-dependent resistin signalling in infarcted rats. Biosci Rep. 2016;36(2):e00307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee TM, Lin SZ, Chang NC. Effects of urate-lowering agents on arrhythmia vulnerability in post-infarcted rat hearts. J Pharmacol Sci. 2016;131(1):28–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu G, Zou L, Liu S, et al. Long noncoding NONRATT021972 siRNA normalized abnormal sympathetic activity mediated by the upregulation of P2X7 receptor in superior cervical ganglia after myocardial ischemia. Purinergic Signal. 2016;12(3):521–535. doi: 10.1007/s11302-016-9518-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang LC, Zhang PP, Chen XM, et al. Semaphorin 3a transfection into the left stellate ganglion reduces susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction in rats. Europace. 2016;18(12):1886–1896. doi: 10.1093/europace/euv276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang N, Cheng W, Hu H, et al. Atorvastatin attenuates sympathetic hyperinnervation together with the augmentation of M2 macrophages in rats postmyocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;34(4):234–244. doi: 10.1111/1755-5922.12193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin J, Hu H, Li X, et al. Inhibition of notch signaling pathway attenuates sympathetic hyperinnervation together with the augmentation of M2 macrophages in rats post-myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2016;310(1):C41–C53. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00163.2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao H, Yin J, Shi Y, et al. Targeted P2X7 R shRNA delivery attenuates sympathetic nerve sprouting and ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Ther. 2017;35(2). doi: 10.1111/1755-5922.12245.
   Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Chang NC, Lin SZ. Inhibition of infarction-induced sympathetic innervation with endothelin receptor antagonism via a PI3K/GSK-3beta-dependent pathway. Lab Invest. 2017;97(3):243–255. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Harn HJ, Chiou TW, et al. Targeting the pathway of GSK-3beta/nerve growth factor to attenuate post-infarction arrhythmias by preconditioned adipose-derived stem cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2017;104:17–30. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin J, Wang Y, Hu H, et al. P2X7 receptor inhibition attenuated sympathetic nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction via the NLRP3/IL-1beta pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21(11):2695–2710. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama T, Lee JK, Miwa K, et al. Quantification of sympathetic hyperinnervation and denervation after myocardial infarction by three-dimensional assessment of the cardiac sympathetic network in cleared transparent murine hearts. PLOS One. 2017;12(7):e0182072. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TM, Chang NC, Lin SZ. Effect of proton pump inhibitors on sympathetic hyperinnervation in infarcted rats: role of magnesium. PLOS One. 2018;13(8):e0202979. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu TS, Wang X, Zhang HD, et al. Evaluation of specific neural marker GAP-43 and TH combined with Masson-trichrome staining for forensic autopsy cases with old myocardial infarction. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132(1):187–195. doi: 10.1007/s00414-017-1590-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Tan J, Yin J, et al. Targeting blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus to prevent cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation post myocardial infarction. Neurosci Lett. 2019;707:134319. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CC, Chen WT, Chen SY, et al. Taurine alleviates sympathetic innervation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in postinfarcted rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021;77(6):745–755. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000001005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao S, Dai Y, Ning X, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in early stage of acute myocardial infarction prevent ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:648910. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.648910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CC, Chen SY, Lee TM. 17beta-Oestradiol facilitates M2 macrophage skewing and ameliorates arrhythmias in ovariectomized female infarcted rats. J Cell Mol Med. 2022;26(12):3396–3409. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.17344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Shao C, Qi L, et al. EphrinB2-RhoA upregulation attenuates sympathetic hyperinnervation and decreases the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction. J Cardiol. 2022;79(3):423–431. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.10.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Knowlton D, Van Winkle DM, et al. Infarction alters both the distribution and noradrenergic properties of cardiac sympathetic neurons. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286(6):H2229–H2236. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00768.2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijnmaalen AP, Schalij MJ, von der Thusen JH, et al. Early reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction affects ventricular tachycardia characteristics and the chronic electroanatomic and histological substrate. Circulation. 2010;121(17):1887–1895. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.891242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HS, Voortman LM, van Munsteren JC, et al. Quantification of large transmural biopsies reveals heterogeneity in innervation patterns in chronic myocardial infarction. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023;9(8 Pt 3):1652–1664. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.04.021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu C, Rajendran PS, Hanna P, et al. High-resolution structure-function mapping of intact hearts reveals altered sympathetic control of infarct border zones. JCI Insight. 2022;7(3):e153913. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.153913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauza DH, Skripka V, Pauziene N, et al. Morphology, distribution, and variability of the epicardiac neural ganglionated subplexuses in the human heart. Anat Rec. 2000;259(4):353–382. doi: 10.1002/1097-0185(20000801)259:4<353::AID-AR10>3.0.CO;2-R.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pauziene N, Rysevaite-Kyguoliene K, Alaburda P, et al. Neuroanatomy of the pig cardiac ventricles. A stereomicroscopic, confocal and electron microscope study. Anat Rec. 2017;300(10):1756–1780. doi: 10.1002/ar.23619.
   Google Scholar
• Krul SPJ, Berger WR, Veldkamp MW, et al. Treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias through autonomic modulation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;1(6):496–508. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2015.09.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larson TA. Sex steroids, adult neurogenesis, and inflammation in CNS homeostasis, degeneration, and repair. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:205. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smetana P, Malik M. Sex differences in cardiac autonomic regulation and in repolarisation electrocardiography. Pflugers Arch. 2013;465(5):699–717. doi: 10.1007/s00424-013-1228-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayles RG, Tran J, Olivas A, et al. Sex differences in sympathetic gene expression and cardiac neurochemistry in Wistar Kyoto rats. PLOS One. 2019;14(6):e0218133. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger IA, Lohmann C, Messerli M, et al. Age- and sex-dependent changes in sympathetic activity of the left ventricular apex assessed by 18F-DOPA PET imaging. PLOS One. 2018;13(8):e0202302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy E, Steenbergen C. Gender-based differences in mechanisms of protection in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2007;75(3):478–486. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group E, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Oertelt-Prigione S, et al. Gender in cardiovascular diseases: impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(1):24–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslanian-Engoren C, Engoren M. Physiological and anatomical bases for sex differences in pain and nausea as presenting symptoms of acute coronary syndromes. Heart Lung. 2010;39(5):386–393. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everts B, Karlson BW, Wahrborg P, et al. Localization of pain in suspected acute myocardial infarction in relation to final diagnosis, age and sex, and site and type of infarction. Heart Lung. 1996;25(6):430–437. doi: 10.1016/s0147-9563(96)80043-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weizman O, Marijon E, Narayanan K, et al. Incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction in women admitted alive in the hospital. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(17):e025959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalarus Z, Svendsen JH, Capodanno D, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in the emergency settings of acute coronary syndrome and revascularization: an European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document, endorsed by the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), and European Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA). Europace. 2019;21(10):1603–1604. doi: 10.1093/europace/euz163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellens HJ, Bar FW, Vanagt EJ, et al. Medical treatment of ventricular tachycardia: considerations in the selection of patients for surgical treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49(1):186–193. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90293-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao JM, Fishbein MC, Han JB, et al. Relationship between regional cardiac hyperinnervation and ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation. 2000;101(16):1960–1969. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.16.1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish DC, Gritman K, Van Winkle DM, et al. Postinfarct sympathetic hyperactivity differentially stimulates expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294(1):H99–H106. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00533.2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nademanee K, Taylor R, Bailey WE, et al. Treating electrical storm: sympathetic blockade versus advanced cardiac life support-guided therapy. Circulation. 2000;102(7):742–747. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.7.742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaseghi M, Salavatian S, Rajendran PS, et al. Parasympathetic dysfunction and antiarrhythmic effect of vagal nerve stimulation following myocardial infarction. JCI Insight. 2017;2(16):e86715. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.86715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa H, Ieda M, Kimura K, et al. Heart failure causes cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130-signaling cytokines in rodents. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(2):408–421. doi: 10.1172/JCI39778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura K, Ajijola OA, Aliotta E, et al. Pathological effects of chronic myocardial infarction on peripheral neurons mediating cardiac neurotransmission. Auton Neurosci. 2016;197:34–40. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Olivas A, Francis Stuart SD, et al. Cardiac sympathetic nerve transdifferentiation reduces action potential heterogeneity after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;318(3):H558–H565. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00412.2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivas A, Gardner RT, Wang L, et al. Myocardial infarction causes transient cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130. J Neurosci. 2016;36(2):479–488. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3556-15.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusi V, Zhu C, Ajijola OA. Neuromodulation approaches for cardiac arrhythmias: recent advances. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21(5):32. doi: 10.1007/s11886-019-1120-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheon YH, Lee SG, Kim M, et al. The association of disease activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and neurotrophic factors with depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;73:274–281. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi H, McIntyre WB, Kooner S, et al. Decreased expression of cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor in platelets of stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(1):104502. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LW, Han XM, Chen CH, et al. Urinary brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a potential biomarker for objective diagnosis of overactive bladder. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(2):341–347. doi: 10.1007/s11255-013-0540-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar