Noninvasive cardiac imaging: Implications for risk assessment in adolescents and young adults

References

• Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Why is left ventricular hypertrophy so predictive of morbidity and mortality?. Am J Med Sci. 1999; 317: 168–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, Budoff MJ, Eisenberg MJ, Grundy SM, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography). Circulation. 2007; 115: 402–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster V, Fayad ZA, Moreno PR, Poon M, Corti R, Badimon JJ. Atherothrombosis and high-risk plaque: Part II: approaches by noninvasive computed tomographic/magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 1209–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidding SS. The aging of the cardiovascular system: when should children be treated like adults?. J Pediatr. 2002; 141: 159–61
   Google Scholar
• National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114 Suppl 4th Report:555–76.
   Google Scholar
• Gidding SS, Bookstein LC, Chomka EV. Usefulness of electron beam tomography in adolescents and young adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2580–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegman A, Hutten BA, de Groot E, Rodenburg J, Bakker HD, Buller HR, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292: 331–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney LT, Burns TL, Stanford W, Thompson BH, Witt JD, Rost CA, et al. Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Muscatine Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 277–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, Tang R, Urbina EM, et al. Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and carotid vascular changes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2271–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kahonen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Maki-Torkko N, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2277–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidding SS, McMahan CA, McGill HC, Colangelo LA, Schreiner PJ, Williams OD, et al. Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcium in Young Adults Using the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Risk Score: The CARDIA Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 2341–7
   Google Scholar
• Gardin JM, Lauer MS. Left ventricular hypertrophy: the next treatable, silent killer?. JAMA. 2004; 292: 2396–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux RB, Wachtell K, Gerdts E, Boman K, Nieminen MS, Papademetriou V, et al. Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension. JAMA. 2004; 292: 2350–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardin JM, Wagenknecht LE, Anton-Culver H, Flack J, Gidding S, Kurosaki T, et al. Relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to echocardiographic left ventricular mass in healthy young black and white adult men and women. The CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Circulation. 1995; 92: 380–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbina EM, Gidding SS, Bao W, Pickoff AS, Berdusis K, Berenson GS. Effect of body size, ponderosity, and blood pressure on left ventricular growth in children and young adults in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1995; 91: 2400–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardin JM, Brunner D, Schreiner PJ, Xie X, Reid CL, Ruth K, et al. Demographics and correlates of five-year change in echocardiographic left ventricular mass in young black and white adult men and women: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 529–35
   Google Scholar
• de Simone G, Devereux RB, Maggioni AP, Gorini M, de Divitiis O, Verdecchia P. Different normalizations for body size and population attributable risk of left ventricular hypertrophy: the MAVI study. Am J Hypertens. 2005; 18: 1288–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels SR, Loggie JM, Khoury P, Kimball TR. Left ventricular geometry and severe left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1907–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Heise C, Muscar C, Linton A, Hassink S. Severe obesity associated with cardiovascular deconditioning, high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes mellitus/hyperinsulinemia, and respiratory compromise. J Pediatr. 2004; 144: 766–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber R, Gidding SS, Daviglus ML, Colangelo LA, Liu K, Gardin JM. Influence of systolic blood pressure and body mass index on left ventricular structure in healthy African-American and white young adults: the CARDIA study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 955–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipshultz SE, Lipsitz SR, Sallan SE, Dalton VM, Mone SM, Gelber RD, et al. Chronic progressive cardiac dysfunction years after doxorubicin therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23: 2629–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels SR, Witt SA, Glascock B, Khoury PR, Kimball TR. Left atrial size in children with hypertension: the influence of obesity, blood pressure, and left ventricular mass. J Pediatr. 2002; 141: 186–90
   Google Scholar
• Deanfield JE, Halcox JP, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance. Circulation. 2007; 115: 1285–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner H, Cockcroft JR, Deanfield J, Donald A, Ferrannini E, Halcox J, et al. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part II: Association with cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. A statement by the Working Group on Endothelins and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2005; 23: 233–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchini AP, Moorehead C, Katch V, Key J, Finta KM. Forearm resistance vessel abnormalities and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Hypertension. 1992; 19: 615–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo KS, Robinson JT, Chook P, Adams MR, Yip G, Mai ZJ, et al. Differences in the effect of cigarette smoking on endothelial function in chinese and white adults. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 127: 372–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhillon R, Clarkson P, Donald AE, Powe AJ, Nash M, Novelli V, et al. Endothelial dysfunction late after Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2103–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson P, Celermajer DS, Donald AE, Sampson M, Sorensen KE, Adams M, et al. Impaired vascular reactivity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is related to disease duration and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28: 573–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celermajer DS, Adams MR, Clarkson P, Robinson J, McCredie R, Donald A, et al. Passive smoking and impaired endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation in healthy young adults. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 150–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charakida M, Donald AE, Terese M, Leary S, Halcox JP, Ness A, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in childhood infection. Circulation. 2005; 111: 1660–5
   Google Scholar
• Leeson CP, Whincup PH, Cook DG, Donald AE, Papacosta O, Lucas A, et al. Flow-mediated dilation in 9- to 11-year-old children: the influence of intrauterine and childhood factors. Circulation. 1997; 96: 2233–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Donald AE, Katterhorn M, Oliver C, Cook DG, et al. Arterial distensibility in adolescents: the influence of adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and classic risk factors. Circulation. 2005; 112: 1789–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raitakari OT, Ronnemaa T, Jarvisalo MJ, Kaitosaari T, Volanen I, Kallio K, et al. Endothelial function in healthy 11-year-old children after dietary intervention with onset in infancy: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for children (STRIP). Circulation. 2005; 112: 3786–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Marniemi J, Ronnemaa T, Viikari JS, Lehtimaki T, et al. Determinants of short-term variation in arterial flow-mediated dilatation in healthy young men. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 110: 475–82
   Google Scholar
• de Jongh S, Lilien MR, op't Roodt J, Stroes ES, Bakker HD, Kastelein JJ. Early statin therapy restores endothelial function in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 2117–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts K, Beye P, Siafarikas A, O'Driscoll G, Jones TW, Davis EA, et al. Effects of exercise training on vascular function in obese children. J Pediatr. 2004; 144: 620–5
   Google Scholar
• Meyer AA, Kundt G, Lenschow U, Schuff-Werner P, Kienast W. Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 1865–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RA, Harkness MA, Davies PS. Correlation of habitual physical activity levels with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery in 5–10 year old children. Atherosclerosis. 2002; 160: 233–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallio K, Jokinen E, Raitakari OT, Hamalainen M, Siltala M, Volanen I, et al. Tobacco smoke exposure is associated with attenuated endothelial function in 11-year-old healthy children. Circulation. 2007; 115: 3205–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman MJ, Naqvi TZ, Gardin JM, Gerhard-Herman M, Jaff M, Mohler E. American society of echocardiography report. Clinical application of noninvasive vascular ultrasound in cardiovascular risk stratification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology. Vasc Med. 2006; 11: 201–11
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007; 115: 459–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegman A, de Groot E, Hutten BA, Rodenburg J, Gort J, Bakker HD, et al. Arterial intima-media thickness in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet. 2004; 363: 369–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeijvoets KC, Rodenburg J, Hutten BA, Wiegman A, Kastelein JJ, Sijbrands EJ. Low-density lipoprotein receptor genotype and response to pravastatin in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: substudy of an intima-media thickness trial. Circulation. 2005; 112: 3168–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics. 2003; 111: 61–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Wolski K, Sipahi I, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, et al. Coronary artery calcification and changes in atheroma burden in response to established medical therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49: 263–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahan CA, Gidding SS, Viikari JS, Juonala M, Kahonen M, Hutri-Kahonen N, et al. Association of Pathobiologic Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth risk score and 15-year change in risk score with carotid artery intima-media thickness in young adults (from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study). Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100: 1124–9
   Google Scholar