1,239
Views
102
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

2 Old Assumptions, New Work

The Opportunities and Challenges of Research on Nonstandard Employment

, &
Pages 65-117 | Published online: 09 Apr 2008

References

  • Acker , J. 1990 . Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations . Gender and Society , 4 : 139 – 158 .
  • Allan , P. and Sienko , S. 1998 . Job motivations of professional and technical contingent workers: Are they different from permanent workers? . Journal of Employment Counseling , 35 : 169 – 178 .
  • Allen , P. 2002 . The contingent workforce: Challenges and new directions . American Business Review , 20 : 103 – 110 .
  • Ammons , S. K. and Markham , W. T. 2004 . Working at home: Experiences of skilled white collar workers . Sociological Spectrum , 2 : 191 – 238 .
  • Ang , S. and Slaughter , S. A. 2001 . Work outcomes and job design for contract versus permanent information systems professionals on software development teams . MIS Quarterly , 25 : 321
  • Arthur , M. B. and Rousseau , D. M. , eds. 1996 . The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Ashford , S. J. and Black , J. S. 1996 . Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control . Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 : 199 – 214 .
  • Ashford , S. J. and Blatt , R. On their own: Customized management of nonstandard knowledge workers . Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meeting . Seattle, WA.
  • Ashford , S. J. , Blatt , R. and Vande Walle , D. 2003 . Reflections on the looking glass: A review of research on feedback-seeking behavior in organizations . Journal of Management , 29 : 773 – 799 .
  • Ashforth , B. E. and Johnson , S. A. 2001 . “ What hat to wear? The relative salience of multiple identities in organizational contexts ” . In Social identity processes in organizational contexts , Edited by: Hogg , M. A. and Terry , D. J. 31 – 48 . Philadelphia : Psychology Press .
  • Ashforth , B. E. and Kreiner , G. E. 1999 . “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity . The Academy of Management Review , 24 : 413 – 434 .
  • Bailey , D. and Kurland , N. B. 2002 . A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 23 : 383 – 400 .
  • Baines , S. 1999 . Servicing the media: Freelancing, teleworking, and ‘enterprising’ careers . New Technology, Work, and Employment , 14 : 18 – 31 .
  • Baines , S. 2002 . New technologies and old ways of working in the home of the self-employed teleworker . New Technology, Work, and Employment , 17 : 89 – 101 .
  • Baines , S. and Gelder , U. 2003 . What is family friendly about the workplace in the home? The case of self-employed parents and their children . New Technology, Work, & Employment , 18 : 223 – 234 .
  • Barker , K. 1998 . “ Toiling for piece-rates and accumulating deficits: Contingent work in higher education ” . In Contingent work: American employment relations in transition , Edited by: Barker , K. and Christensen , K. 195 – 220 . Ithaca, NY : ILR Press .
  • Barley , S. R. and Kunda , G. 2001 . Bringing work back in . Organization Science , 12 : 76 – 95 .
  • Barley , S. R. and Kunda , G. 2004 . Gurus, hired guns, and warm bodies: Itinerant experts in a knowledge economy , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Barley , S. R. and Kunda , G. 2006 . Contracting: A new form of professional practice . Academy of Management Perspectives , 19 : 1 – 19 .
  • Barnett , W. P. and Miner , A. S. 1992 . Standing on the shoulders of others: Career interdependence in job mobility . Administrative Science Quarterly , 37 : 262 – 281 .
  • Barsness , Z. I. , Diekmann , K. A. and Seidel , M. D. L. 2005 . Motivation and opportunity: The role of remote work, demographic dissimilarity, and social network centrality in impression management . Academy of Management Journal , 48 : 401 – 419 .
  • Bartel , C. A. and Dutton , J. E. 2001 . “ Ambiguous organizational memberships: Constructing organizational identities in interactions with others ” . In Social identity processes in organizational contexts , Edited by: Hogg , M. A. and Terry , D. J. 115 – 130 . Philadelphia : Psychology Press .
  • Bartel , C. A. , Wrzesniewski , A. and Wiesenfeld , B. “ Identifying from afar: Communicating organizational membership in remote contexts ” . In Identity and the modern organization , Edited by: Bartel , C. A. , Blader , S. and Wrzesniewski , A. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . (in press)
  • Bartlett , C. A. and Ghoshal , S. 1989 . Managing across borders: The transnational solution , Boston : Harvard Business School Press .
  • Baruch , Y. 2000 . Teleworking: Benefits and pitfalls as perceived by professionals and managers . New Technology, Work, & Employment , 15 : 34 – 49 .
  • Baruch , Y. 2001 . The status of research on teleworking and an agenda for future research . International Journal of Management Reviews , 3 : 113 – 129 .
  • Bauer , T. and Truxillo , D. 2000 . Temp-to-permanent employees: A longitudinal study of stress and selection success . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 5 : 337 – 346 .
  • Belman , D. and Golden , L. 2000 . “ Nonstandard and contingent employment: Contrasts by job type, industry, and occupation ” . In Nonstandard work: The nature and challenges of changing employment arrangements , Edited by: Carre , F. , Ferber , M. A. , Golden , L. and Herzenberg , S. A. 167 – 212 . Champaign, IL : Industrial Relations Research Association .
  • Bendapudi , V. , Mangum , S. L. , Tansky , J. W. and Fisher , M. M. 2003 . Nonstandard employment arrangements: A proposed typology and policy planning framework . Human Resource Planning , 26 : 24 – 40 .
  • Benson , J. 1998 . Dual commitment: Contract workers in Australian manufacturing enterprises . Journal of Management Studies , 35 : 355 – 375 .
  • Blatt , R. and Ashford , S. J. 2006 . Making meaning and taking action in knowledge and creative work: Lessons from independent workers , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
  • Blatt , R. and Camden , C. T. 2006 . “ Positive relationships and cultivating community ” . In Exploring positive relationships at work: Building a theoretical and research foundation , Edited by: Dutton , J. E. and Ragins , B. R. 243 – 264 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Bolino , M. C. 1999 . Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or good actors? . Academy of Management Review , 24 : 82 – 98 .
  • Bradley , M. H. , Schipani , C. A. , Sundaram , A. K. and Walsh , J. P. 1999 . The purposes and accountability of the corporation in contemporary society: Corporate governance at a crossroads . Law and Contemporary Problems , 62 : 9 – 86 .
  • Brocklehurst , M. 2001 . Power, identity, and new technology homework: Implications for ‘new forms’ of organizing . Organization Studies , 22 : 445 – 466 .
  • Brockner , J. , Tyler , T. R. and Cooper-Schneider , R. 1992 . The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived unfairness: The higher they are, the harder they fall . Administrative Science Quarterly , 37 : 241 – 261 .
  • Broschak , J. P. and Davis-Blake , A. 2006 . Mixing standard work and nonstandard deals: The consequences of heterogeneity in employment arrangements . The Academy of Management Journal , 49 : 371 – 393 .
  • Brown , S. L. and Eisenhardt , K. M. 1997 . The art of continuous change: Linking complexity theory and time-paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations . Administrative Science Quarterly , 42 : 1 – 34 .
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2005 . Contingent and alternative employment arrangements , Washington, DC : Author .
  • Cappelli , P. 1999 . Career jobs are dead . California Management Review , 42 ( 1 ) : 146 – 167 .
  • Carnoy , M. , Castells , M. and Benner , C. 1997 . Labour markets and employment practices in the age of flexibility: A case study of Silicon Valley . International Labour Review , 135 : 27 – 48 .
  • Cascio , W. F. 2000 . Managing a virtual workplace . Academy of Management Executive , 14 : 81 – 90 .
  • Chatman , J. A. and Flynn , F. J. 2005 . Full-cycle micro-organizational behavior research . Organizational Science , 16 : 434 – 447 .
  • Chattopadhyay , P. and George , E. 2001 . Examining the effects of work externaliza-tion through the lens of social identity theory . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 781 – 788 .
  • Chattopadhyay , P. , George , E. and Shulman , A. The influence of sex dissimilarity in distributive versus colocated groups . Organization Science , (in press)
  • Christensen , K. 1998 . “ Countervailing human resource trends in family-sensitive firms ” . In Contingent work: American employment relations in transition , Edited by: Barker , K. and Christensen , K. 103 – 125 . Ithaca, NY : ILR Press .
  • Cinnirella , M. 1997 . Towards a European identity? Interactions between the national and European social identities manifested by university students in Britain and Italy . British Journal of Social Psychology , 36 ( 1 ) : 19 – 31 .
  • Cobble , D. S. and Vosko , L. F. 2000 . “ Historical perspectives on representing non-standard workers ” . In Nonstandard work: The nature and challenges of changing employment arrangements , Edited by: Carre , F. , Ferber , M. A. , Golden , L. and Herzenberg , S. A. 291 – 312 . Champaign, IL : Industrial Relations Research Association .
  • Cohen , L. and Mallon , M. 2001 . My brilliant career? . International Studies of Management and Organization , 31 : 48 – 68 .
  • Connelly , C. E. and Gallagher , D. G. 2004 . Emerging trends in contingent work research . Journal of Management , 30 : 959 – 983 .
  • Cooper , C. D. and Kurland , N. B. 2002 . Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 23 : 511 – 532 .
  • Coyle-Shapiro , J. A. and Kessler , I. 2002 . Contingent and non-contingent workers in local government: Contrasting psychological contracts . Public Administration , 80 : 77 – 101 .
  • D'Aveni , R. A. 1994 . Hypercompetition , New York : The Free Press .
  • Davenport , T. H. and Pearlson , K. 1998 . Two cheers for the virtual office . Sloan Management Review , 39 ( 4 ) : 51 – 65 .
  • Davis , G. F. and Marquis , C. 2005 . Prospects for organization theory in the early twenty-first century: Institutional fields and mechanisms . Organization Science , 16 : 332 – 345 .
  • Davis-Blake , A. , Broschak , J. P. and George , E. 2003 . Happy together? How using non-standard workers affects exit, voice, and loyalty among standard employees . Academy of Management Journal , 46 : 475 – 485 .
  • Davis-Blake , A. and Uzzi , B. 1993 . Determinants of employment externalization: A study of temporary workers and independent contractors . Administrative Science Quarterly , 38 : 195 – 223 .
  • Dennis , W. J. 1996 . Self-employment: When nothing else is available? . Journal of Labor Research , 17 : 645 – 661 .
  • Dick , P. and Hyde , R. 2006 . Consent as resistance, resistance as consent: Re-reading part-time professionals' acceptance of their marginal positions . Gender, Work, and Organization , 13 : 543 – 564 .
  • DiNatale , M. 2001 . Characteristics of and preference for alternative work arrangements, 1999 . Monthly Labor Review , 124 ( 3 ) : 28 – 49 .
  • Dutton , J. E. , Dukerich , J. M. and Harquail , C. V. 1994 . Organizational images and member identification . Administrative Science Quarterly , 39 : 239 – 263 .
  • Dutton , J. E. and Heaphy , E. D. 2003 . “ The power of high-quality connections at work ” . In Positive organizational scholarship , Edited by: Cameron , K. S. , Dutton , J. E. and Quinn , R. E. 264 – 278 . San Francisco : Berrett-Koehler .
  • Eberhardt , B. J. and Shani , A. B. 1984 . The effects of full-time versus part-time employment status on attitudes toward specific organizational characteristics and overall job satisfaction . Academy of Management Journal , 27 : 893 – 900 .
  • Ellingson , J. E. , Gruys , M. L. and Sackett , P. R. 1998 . Factors related to the satisfaction and performance of temporary employees . Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 : 913 – 921 .
  • Evans , J. A. , Kunda , G. and Barley , S. R. 2004 . Beach time, bridge time, and billable hours: The temporal structure of technical contracting . Administrative Science Quarterly , 49 : 1 – 38 .
  • Feldman , D. C. 1990 . Reconceptualizing the nature and consequences of part-time . Academy of Management Review , 15 : 103 – 112 .
  • Feldman , D. C. and Bolino , M. C. 2000 . Career patterns of the self-employed: Career motivations and career outcomes . Journal of Small Business Management , 38 : 53 – 67 .
  • Feldman , D. C. , Doerpinghaus , H. I. and Turnley , W. H. 1994 . Managing temporary workers: A permanent HRM challenge . Organizational Dynamics , 23 : 49 – 53 .
  • Feldman , D. C. , Doerpinghaus , H. I. and Turnley , W. H. 1995 . Employee reactions to temporary jobs . Journal of Managerial Issues , 7 : 127
  • Feldman , D. C. and Gainey , T. W. 1997 . Patterns of telecommuting and their consequences: Framing the research agenda . Human Resource Management Review , 7 : 369 – 388 .
  • Felstead , A. and Gallie , D. 2004 . For better or worse? Nonstandard jobs and high involvement work systems . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 15 : 1293 – 1316 .
  • Florida , R. 2002 . The rise of the creative class , New York : Basic Books .
  • Gallagher , D. G. and McLean Parks , J. 2001 . I pledge thee my troth…contingently: Commitment and the contingent work relationship . Human Resource Management Review , 11 : 181 – 208 .
  • Garsten , C. 1999 . Betwixt and between: Temporary employees as liminal subjects in flexible organizations . Organization Studies , 20 : 601 – 617 .
  • Geary , J. F. 1992 . Employment flexibility and human resource management: The case of three American electronics plants . Work, Employment, and Society , 6 : 251 – 270 .
  • George , E. 2003 . External solutions and internal problems: The effects of employment externalization on internal workers' attitudes . Organization Science , 14 : 386 – 402 .
  • George , E. and Chattopadhyay , P. 2005 . One foot in each camp: The dual identification of contract workers . Administrative Science Quarterly , 50 : 68 – 99 .
  • George , E. , Chattopadhyay , P. , Lawrence , S. and Shulman , A. The influence of employment externalization on work content and employees' justice perceptions . Paper presented at the 2003 National Academy of Management Meeting . Seattle, WA.
  • Gibson , C. B. and Gibbs , J. L. Unpacking the concept of virtuality: The effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic structure, and national diversity on team innovation . Administrative Science Quarterly , (in press)
  • Giddens , A. 1984 . The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration , Cambridge, , U.K. : Polity Press .
  • Golden , T. D. 2006 . The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 27 : 319 – 340 .
  • Golden , T. and Veiga , J. F. 2005 . The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings . Journal of Management , 31 : 310 – 318 .
  • Gossett , L. M. 2002 . Kept at arm's length: Questioning the organizational desirability of member identification . Communication Monographs , 69 : 385 – 404 .
  • Guevara , K. and Ord , J. 1996 . The search for meaning in a changing work context . Futures , 28 : 709 – 722 .
  • Hall , D. T. and Gordon , F. E. 1973 . Career choices of married women: Effects on conflict, role behavior and satisfaction . Journal of Applied Psychology , 58 : 42 – 48 .
  • Harrison , D. A. , Newman , D. A. and Roth , P. L. 2006 . How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integral behavioral outcomes and time sequences . Academy of Management Journal , 49 : 305 – 325 .
  • Heckscher , C. 2000 . “ HR strategy and nonstandard work: Dualism versus true mobility ” . In Nonstandard work: The nature and challenges of changing employment arrangements , Edited by: Carre , F. , Ferber , M. A. , Golden , L. and Herzenberg , S. A. 267 – 290 . Champaign, IL : Industrial Relations Research Association .
  • Higgins , C. , Duxbury , L. and Johnson , K. 2000 . Part-time work for women: Does it really help balance work and family? . Human Resource Management , 39 : 17 – 32 .
  • Hill , E. J. , Miller , B. , Weiner , S. and Colihan , J. 1998 . Influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance . Personnel Psychology , 51 : 667 – 683 .
  • Ho , V. T. , Ang , S. and Straub , D. 2003 . When subordinates become IT contractors: Persistent managerial expectations in IT outsourcing . Information Systems Research , 14 : 66 – 86 .
  • Hodson , R. 1997 . Group relations at work . Work and Occupations , 24 : 426 – 452 .
  • Hogg , M. A. and Terry , D. J. 2000 . Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts . Academy of Management Review , 25 : 121 – 140 .
  • Holtom , B. , Lee , T. and Tidd , S. 2002 . The relationship between work status congruence and work-related attitudes and behaviors . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 903 – 915 .
  • Hoque , K. and Kirkpatrick , I. 2003 . Nonstandard employment in the management and professional workforce: Training, consultation, and gender implications . Work, Employment & Society , 17 : 67 – 689 .
  • Hornsey , M. J. and Hogg , M. A. 2000 . Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 4 : 143 – 156 .
  • Houseman , S. N. 1997 . Temporary, part-time, and contract employment in the United States: A report on the W. E. Upjohn Institute's employer survey on flexible staffing policies , Kalamazoo, MI : W. E. Upjohn Institutes for Employment Research .
  • Houseman , S. N. and Polivka , A. 2000 . “ The implications of flexible staffing arrangements for job stability ” . In On the job: Is long-term employment a thing of the past? , Edited by: Newmark , D. 427 – 462 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
  • Howe , W. J. 1986 . Temporary help workers: Who they are, what jobs they hold . Monthly Labor Review , 109 ( 11 ) : 45 – 47 .
  • Hudson , K. 2001 . The disposable worker . Monthly Review , 124 ( 4 ) : 43 – 55 .
  • Hulin , C. L. and Glomb , T. M. 1999 . “ Contingent employees: Individual and organizational considerations ” . In The changing nature of performance: Implications for staffing, motivation, and development , Edited by: Ilgen , D. R. and Pulakos , E. D. 87 – 118 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers .
  • Hundley , G. 2001 . Why and when are the self-employed more satisfied with their work? . Industrial Relations , 40 : 293 – 316 .
  • Inkson , K. , Heising , A. and Rousseau , D. M. 2001 . The interim manager: Prototype of the 21st-century worker? . Human Relations , 54 : 259 – 284 .
  • Jackofsky , E. F. and Peters , L. H. 1987 . Part-time versus full-time employment status differences: A replication and extension . Journal of Occupational Behavior , 8 : 1 – 9 .
  • Johns , G. 2006 . The essential impact of context on organizational behavior . Academy of Management Review , 31 : 386 – 408 .
  • Jordan , A. T. 1996 . Critical incident story creation and culture formation in a self-directed work team . Journal of Organizational Change Management , 9 : 27 – 35 .
  • Jordan , J. W. 2003 . Sabotage or performed compliance: Rhetorics of resistance in temp worker discourse . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 89 : 19 – 40 .
  • Jurik , N. C. 1998 . Getting away and getting by: The experiences of self-employed homeworkers . Work and Occupations , 25 : 7 – 35 .
  • Kalleberg , A. and Marsden , P. 2005 . Externalizing organizational activities: Where and how US establishments use employment intermediaries . Socio-Economic Review , 3 : 389 – 416 .
  • Kalleberg , A. L. 2000 . Nonstandard employment relations: Part-time, temporary and contract work . Annual Review of Sociology , 26 : 341 – 365 .
  • Kalleberg , A. L. , Reskin , B. F. and Hudson , K. 2000 . Bad jobs in America: Standard and nonstandard employment relations and job quality in the United States . American Sociological Review , 65 : 256 – 278 .
  • Kallinikos , J. 2003 . Work, human agency, and organizational forms: An anatomy of fragmentation . Organization Studies , 24 : 595 – 618 .
  • Kanter , R. M. 1977 . Men and women of the corporation , New York : Basic Books .
  • Katz , J. A. 1993 . How satisfied are the self-employed: A secondary analysis approach . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 7 : 35 – 51 .
  • Kogut , B. and Zander , U. 1996 . What do firms do? Coordination, identity, and learning . Organization Science , 7 : 502 – 518 .
  • Krausz , M. 2000 . Effects of short- and long-term preference for temporary work upon psychological outcomes . International Journal of Manpower , 21 : 635 – 647 .
  • Kunda , G. , Barley , S. R. and Evans , J. A. 2002 . Why do contractors contract? The experience of highly skilled technical professionals in a contingent labor market . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 55 : 234 – 261 .
  • Kurland , N. B. and Bailey , D. E. 1999 . The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime . Organizational Dynamics , : 53 – 67 . Autumn
  • Lautsch , B. A. 2002 . Uncovering and explaining variance in the features and outcomes of contingent work . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 56 : 23 – 43 .
  • Lee , T. W. and Johnson , D. R. 1991 . The effects of work schedule and employment status on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of full versus part-time employees . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 38 : 208 – 224 .
  • Levesque , L. L. , Wilson , J. M. and Wholey , D. R. 2001 . Cognitive divergence and shared mental models in software development project teams . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 22 : 135 – 144 .
  • Liden , R. C. , Wayne , S. J. and Kraimer , M. L. 2003 . The dual commitments of contingent workers: An examination of contingents' commitment to the agency and the organization . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 24 : 609 – 625 .
  • Logan , N. , O'Reilly , C. A. and Roberts , K. H. 1973 . Job satisfaction among part-time and full-time employees . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 3 : 33 – 41 .
  • Mallon , M. and Duberley , J. 2000 . Managers and professionals in the contingent workforce . Human Resource Management Journal , 10 : 33 – 47 .
  • Mann , S. and Holdsworth , L. 2003 . The psychological impact of teleworking: Stress, emotions and health . New Technology, Work, & Employment , 18 : 196 – 211 .
  • Mann , S. , Varey , R. and Button , W. 2000 . An exploration of the emotional impact of tele-working via computer-mediated communication . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 15 : 668 – 690 .
  • Marler , J. H. , Barringer , M. W. and Milkovich , G. T. 2002 . Boundaryless and traditional contingent employees: Worlds apart . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 23 : 425 – 453 .
  • Martens , M. F. J. , Nijhuis , F. J. N. , VanBoxtel , M. P. J. and Knottnerus , J. A. 1999 . Flexible work schedules and mental and physical health. A study of a working population with non-traditional working hours . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 20 : 35 – 46 .
  • Martin , J. 2006 . Giving voice to the silenced majority in organizational theory and research Manuscript submitted for publication
  • Martin , J. E. and Peterson , M. M. 1987 . Two-tier wage structures: Implications for equity theory . Academy of Management Journal , 30 : 297 – 315 .
  • Matusik , S. F. and Hill , C. W. L. 1998 . The utilization of contingent work, knowledge creation, and competitive advantage . Academy of Management Review , 23 : 680 – 697 .
  • McDonald , D. J. and Makin , P. J. 2000 . The psychological contract, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff . Leadership and Organizational Development Journal , 21 ( 2 ) : 84 – 91 .
  • McGinnis , S. K. and Morrow , P. C. 1990 . Job attitudes among full- and part-time employees . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 36 : 82 – 96 .
  • McLean Parks , J. , Kidder , D. L. and Gallagher , D. G. 1998 . Fitting square pegs into round holes: Mapping the domain of contingent work arrangements onto the psychological contract . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 19 : 697 – 730 .
  • Menger , P. 1999 . Artistic labor markets and careers . Annual Review of Sociology , 25 : 541 – 574 .
  • Miller , H. E. and Terborg , J. T. 1979 . Job attitudes of part-time and full-time employees . Journal of Applied Psychology , 64 : 380 – 386 .
  • Mirchandani , K. 1999 . Legitimizing work: Telework and the gendered reification of the work-nonwork dichotomy . The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology , 36 : 87 – 107 .
  • Mlicki , P. and Ellemers , N. 1996 . Being different or being better? National stereotypes and identifications of Polish and Dutch students . European Journal of Social Psychology , 26 : 97 – 114 .
  • Moreland , R. L. 1999 . “ Transactive memory: Learning who knows what in work groups and organizations ” . In Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge , Edited by: Thompson , L. L. , Levine , J. M. and Messick , D. M. 3 – 31 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Morse , D. 1969 . The peripheral worker , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Mowday , R. , Porter , L. and Steers , R. 1982 . Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover , New York : Academic Press .
  • Nollen , S. D. and Axel , H. 1996 . Managing contingent workers: How to reap the benefits and reduce the risks , New York : Amacom .
  • Norman , P. , Collins , S. , Conner , M. , Martin , R. and Rance , J. 1995 . Attributions, cognitions, and coping styles: Teleworkers' reactions to work-related problems . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 25 : 117 – 128 .
  • Olson , M. H. 1989 . “ Organizational barriers to professional telework ” . In Homework: Historical and contemporary perspectives on paid labor at home , Edited by: Boris , B. and Daniels , C. R. 215 – 30 . Chicago : University of Illinois Press .
  • Orr , J. E. 1996 . Talking about the machines , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
  • Parker , R. 1994 . Flesh peddlers and warm bodies: The temporary help industry and its workers , Camden, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
  • Parker , S. K. , Griffin , M. A. , Sprigg , C. A. and Wall , T. D. 2002 . Effect of temporary contracts on perceived work characteristics and job strain: A longitudinal study . Personnel Psychology , 55 : 689 – 719 .
  • Pearce , J. L. 1998 . “ Job insecurity is really important, but not for the reasons you might think: The example of contingent workers ” . In Trends in organizational behavior , Edited by: Cooper , C. and Rousseau , D. Vol. 5 , 31 – 46 . New York : Wiley .
  • Pearce , J. L. 1993 . Toward an organizational behavior of contract laborers: Their psychological involvement and effects on employee co-workers . Academy of Management Journal , 36 : 1082 – 1096 .
  • Pearlson , K. E. and Saunders , C. S. 2001 . There's no place like home: Managing telecommuting paradoxes . Academy of Management Executive , 15 : 117 – 128 .
  • Peipperl , M. and Baruch , Y. 1997 . Back to square zero: The post-corporate career . Organizational Dynamics , : 7 – 22 . Spring
  • Perrow , C. 1991 . A society of organizations . Theory and Society , 20 : 725 – 762 .
  • Peters , L. H. , Jackofsky , E. F. and Salter , J. R. 1981 . Predicting turnover: A comparison of part-time and full-time employees . Journal of Occupational Behavior , 2 : 89 – 98 .
  • Pfeffer , J. and Baron , J. N. 1988 . “ Taking the workers back out: Recent trends in the structuring of employment ” . In Research in organizational behavior , Edited by: Staw , B. M. and Cummings , L. L. Vol. 10 , 257 – 303 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Pink , D. H. 2001 . Tree agent nation: The future of working for yourself , New York : Warner Books .
  • Polivka , A. E. 1996 . Into contingent and alternative employment: By choice? . Monthly Labor Review , 119 ( 10 ) : 55 – 74 .
  • Polivka , A. E. and Nardone , T. 1989 . On the definition of “contingent work.” . Monthly Labor Review , 112 ( 12 ) : 9 – 16 .
  • Pratt , M. G. 2000 . The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors . Administrative Science Quarterly , 45 : 456 – 493 .
  • Pratt , M. G. , Fuller , M. and Northcraft , G. B. 2000 . “ Media selection and identification in distributed groups: The potential cost of “rich” media ” . In Research in managing groups and teams , Edited by: Griffith , T. , Mannix , E. and Neale , M. Vol. III , 231 – 255 . Stamford, CT : JAI Press .
  • Rafaeli , A. 1998 . “ What is an organization? Who are the members? ” . In Creating tomorrow's organizations: A handbook for future research in organizational behavior , Edited by: Cooper , C. L. and Jackson , S. E. New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Raghuram , S. , Wiesenfeld , B. and Garud , R. 2003 . Technology enabled work: The role of self-efficacy in determining telecommuter adjustment and structuring behavior . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 63 : 180 – 198 .
  • Rhoades , L. , Eisenberger , R. and Armeli , S. 2001 . Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 825 – 836 .
  • Rock , K. W. and Pratt , M. G. 2002 . “ Where do we go from here? Predicting identification among dispersed employees ” . In Corporate and organizational identities , Edited by: Moingeon , B. and Soenen , G. 51 – 71 . London : Routledge .
  • Rogers , J. K. 1995 . Just a temp: Experience and structure of alienation in temporary clerical employment . Work and Occupations , 22 : 137 – 166 .
  • Rogers , J. K. 2000 . Temps: The many faces of the changing workplace , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
  • Rothstein , D. S. 1996 . Entry into and consequences of nonstandard work arrangements . Monthly Labor Review , 119 ( 10 ) : 75 – 82 .
  • Rousseau , D. M. 1985 . “ Issues of level in organizational research: Multi level and cross level perspectives ” . In Research in organizational behavior , Edited by: Cummings , L. L. and Staw , B. M. Vol. 7 , 1 – 38 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Rousseau , D. M. 1995 . Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Rousseau , D. M. , Ho , V. T. and Greenberg , J. 2006 . I-deals: Idiosyncratic terms in employment relationships . Academy of Management Review , 31 : 977 – 994 .
  • Rousseau , D. M. and Libuser , C. 1997 . Contingent workers in high risk environments . California Management Review , 39 : 103 – 123 .
  • Salancik , G. R. and Pfeffer , J. 1978 . A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design . Administrative Science Quarterly , 23 : 224 – 253 .
  • Schilling , M. A. and Steensma , H. K. 2001 . The use of modular organizational forms: An industry-level analysis . Academy of Management Journal , 44 : 1149 – 1169 .
  • Scott , W. R. 2004 . Reflections on a half-century of organizational sociology . Annual Review of Sociology , 30 : 1 – 21 .
  • Shalley , C. E. , Zhou , J. and Oldham , G. R. 2004 . The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? . Journal of Management , 30 : 933 – 958 .
  • Shamir , B. 1992 . “ Home: The perfect workplace? ” . In Work, families, and organizations , Edited by: Zedeck , S. 272 – 311 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Sias , P. M. , Kramer , M. W. and Jenkins , E. 1997 . A comparison of the communication behaviors of temporary employees and new hires . Communication Research , 24 : 731 – 754 .
  • Simon , H. A. 1976 . Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization, , 4th ed. , New York : Free Press .
  • Smith , V. 1994 . Institutionalizing flexibility in a service firm: Multiple contingencies and hidden hierarchies . Work and Occupations , 21 : 284 – 307 .
  • Smith , V. 1997 . New forms of work organization . Annual Review of Sociology , 23 : 315 – 339 .
  • Smith , V. 1998 . The fractured world of the temporary worker: Power, participation, and fragmentation in the contemporary workplace . Social Problems , 45 : 411 – 430 .
  • Stamper , C. L. and Masterson , S. S. 2002 . Insider or outsider? How employee perceptions of insider status affect their work behavior . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 23 : 875 – 894 .
  • Staples , D. S. , Hulland , I. and Higgins , C. 1999 . A self-efficacy theory explanation for the management of remote workers in virtual organizations . Organization Science , 10 : 758 – 777 .
  • Storey , J. , Salaman , G. and Platman , K. 2005 . Living with enterprise in an enterprise economy: Freelance and contract workers in the media . Human Relations , 58 : 1033 – 1054 .
  • Sutcliffe , K. M. and Vogus , T. J. 2003 . “ Organizing for resilience ” . In Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline , Edited by: Cameron , K. S. , Dutton , J. E. and Quinn , R. E. 94 – 110 . San Francisco : Berrett-Koehler .
  • Tajfel , H. and Turner , J. C. 1986 . “ The social identity theory of intergroup behavior ” . In The social psychology of intergroup relations , Edited by: Austin , W. G. and Worchel , S. 33 – 47 . Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • Tan , H. H. and Tan , C. P. 2002 . Temporary employees in Singapore: What drives them? . The Journal of Psychology , 1 : 83 – 102 .
  • Tench , R. , Fawkes , J. and Palihawadana , D. 2002 . Freelancing: Issues and trends for public relations practice . Journal of Communication Management , 6 : 311 – 322 .
  • Thatcher , S. M. B. and Zhu , X. 2006 . Changing identities in a changing workplace: Identification, identity enactment, self-verification, and telecommuting . Academy of Management Review , 31 : 1076 – 1088 .
  • Tietze , S. 2005 . Discourse as strategic coping resource: Managing the interface between “home” and “work.” . Journal of Organizational Change Management , 18 : 48 – 62 .
  • Tietze , S. and Musson , G. 2003 . The times and temporalities of home-based telework . Personnel Review , 32 : 438 – 533 .
  • Tilly , C. 1992 . “ Short hours, short shift: The causes and consequences of part-time employment ” . In New policies for the part-time and contingent workforce , Edited by: du Rivage , V. L. 15 – 44 . Armonk, NY : M. E. Sharpe .
  • Trent , J. T. , Smith , A. L. and Wood , D. L. 1994 . Telecommuting—stress and social support . Psychological Reports , 74 : 1312 – 1314 .
  • Tsui , A. , Egan , T. and O'Reilly , C. 1992 . Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment . Administrative Science Quarterly , 37 : 549 – 579 .
  • Uzzi , B. and Barsness , Z. I. 1998 . Contingent employment in British establishments: Organizational determinants of the use of fixed-term hires and part-time workers . Social Forces , 76 : 967 – 1007 .
  • VanBreugel , G. , VanOlffen , W. and Olie , R. 2005 . Temporary liaisons: The commitment of ‘temps’ towards their agencies . The Journal of Management Studies , 42 : 539 – 566 .
  • VanDyne , L. and Ang , S. 1998 . Organizational citizenship behavior of contingent workers in Singapore . Academy of Management Journal , 41 : 692 – 703 .
  • VanMaanen , J. and Barley , S. R. 1984 . “ Occupational communities: Culture and control in organizations ” . In Research in organizational behavior , Edited by: Staw , B. M. and Cummings , L. L. Vol. 6 , 287 – 365 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • VonHippel , C. , Magnum , S. L. , Greenberger , D. B. , Heneman , R. L. and Skoglind , J. D. 1997 . Temporary employment: Can organization and employees both win? . Academy of Management Executive , 11 : 93 – 104 .
  • Walsh , J. P. , Meyer , A. D. and Schoonhoven , C. B. 2006 . A future for organization theory: Living in and living with changing organizations . Organization Science , 17 : 657 – 671 .
  • Weick , K. E. 1974 . Middle range theories of social systems . Behavioral Science , 19 : 357 – 367 .
  • Weick , K. E. 1995 . Sensemaking in organizations , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Weick , K. E. 1996 . “ Enactment and the boundaryless career: Organizing as we work ” . In The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era , Edited by: Arthur , M. B. and Rousseau , D. M. 40 – 57 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Wenger , E. 1998 . Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Wenzel , M. 2000 . Justice and identity: The significance of inclusion for perceptions of entitlement and the justice motive . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 157 – 176 .
  • Westman , M. 2001 . Stress and strain crossover . Human Relations , 54 : 717 – 751 .
  • Wheeler , A. R. and Buckley , R. M. 2000 . Examining the motivation process of temporary employees: A holistic model and research framework . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 16 : 339 – 354 .
  • Wienns-Tuers , B. A. and Hill , E. T. 2002 . How did we get here from there? Movement into temporary employment . Journal of Economic Issues , 36 : 303 – 311 .
  • Wiesenfeld , B. W. , Raghuram , S. and Garud , R. 1999 . Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization . Organization Science , 10 : 777 – 790 .
  • Workman , M. , Kahnweiler , W. and Bommer , W. 2003 . The effects of cognitive style and media richness on commitment to telework and virtual teams . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 63 : 199 – 219 .
  • Wrzesniewski , A. , Dutton , J. E. and Debebe , G. 2003 . “ Interpersonal sensemaking and the meaning of work ” . In Research in organizational behavior , Edited by: Kramer , R. M. and Staw , B. M. Vol. 25 , 93 – 136 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Zuboff , S. and Maxmin , J. 2002 . The support economy: Why corporations are failing individuals and the next episode of capitalism , New York : Viking .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.