Proximate composition of eggs and larvae of the sand dollar Encope michelini (Agassiz): the advantage of higher investment in plankotrophic eggs

References

• Barnes , R. and Blackstock , J. 1973 . Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues: Detailed investigation of the sulphophosphovanillin method for ‘total’ lipids. . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 12 : 103 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Bligh , E. G. and Dyer , W. J. 1959 . A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. . Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. , 37 : 911 – 917 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crisp , D. J. 1984 . “ Overview of research on marine invertebrate larvae, 1940–1980. ” . In Marine Biodeterioration: An Interdisciplinary Study Edited by: Costlow , J. D. and Tipper , R. C. 103 – 126 . London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Eckert , G. L. 1995 . A novel larval feeding strategy of the tropical sand dollar, Encope michelini (Agassiz): Adaptation to food limitation and an evolutionary link between planktotrophy and lecithotrophy. . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 187 : 103 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Emlet , R. B. 1982 . Echinoderm calcite: A mechanical analysis from larval spicules. . Biol. Bun. , 163 : 264 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emlet , R. B. 1986 . Facultative planktotrophy in the tropical echinoid Clypeaster rocaseus (Linnaeus) and a comparison with obligate planktotrophy in Clyeaster subdepressus (Gray) (Clypeasteroidea: Echinoidea). . J Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 95 : 183 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emlet , R. B. , McEdward , L. R. and Strathmann , R. R. 1987 . “ Echinoderm larval ecology viewed from the egg. ” . In Echinoderm Studies Edited by: Jangoux , M. and Lawrence , J. M. 55 – 136 . Rotterdam, , Netherlands : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Emlet , R. B. 1991 . Functional constraints on the evolution of larval forms of marine invertebrates: experimental and comparative evidence. . Amer. Zool. , 31 : 707 – 725 .
   Google Scholar
• Fenaux , L. 1968 . Maturation des gonades et cycles saisonniers des larves chez Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus and P. microtuberculatus (Echinides) à Villefranche sur mer. . Vie et Milieu Serie A. Biologie Marine , 19 : 1 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Fenaux , L. 1988 . “ Sensitivity of different morphological stages of the larva of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) to quantity and quality of food. ” . In Echinoderm Biology Edited by: Burke , D. , Mladenov , P. V. , Lambert , P. and Parsley , R. L. 259 – 266 . Rotterdam, , Netherlands : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Fenaux , L. , Cellario , C. and Etienne , M. 1985 . Croissance de la larve de l'oursin Paracentrotus lividus . Mar. Biol. , 86 : 151 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• George , S. B. 1990a . Reponses reproductives de trois echinodermes en relation avec la nourriture et les consequences sur le developpement larvaire. Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris
   Google Scholar
• George , S. B. 1990b . Population and seasonal differences in egg quality of Arbacia lixula (Echinodermata:Echinoidea) Invert.Reprod. . Develop. , 17 : 111 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• George , S. B. 1994 . Population differences in maternal size and offspring quality for Leptasterias epichlora (Brandt) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 175 : 121 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , S. B. , Cellario , C. and Fenaux , L. 1990 . Population differences in egg quality of Arbacia lixula (Echinodermata: echinoidea): Proximate composition of eggs and larval development. . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 141 : 107 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , M. W. 1991 . Particle captures and the method of suspension feeding by echinoderm larvae. . Biol. Bull. , 180 : 12 – 27 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hart , M. W. 1996 . Evolutionary loss of larval feeding: Development, form and function in a facultatively feeding larva, Brisaster latifrons . Evolution , 50 : 174 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , M. W. and Strathmann , R. R. 1995 . “ Mechanisms and rates of suspension feeding. ” . In Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae Edited by: McEdward , L. 193 – 221 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jaeckle , W. B. 1995 . “ Variation in the size, energy content, and biochemical composition of invertebrate eggs: correlates to the mode of larval development. ” . In Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae Edited by: McEdward , L. 49 – 77 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lowry , O. H , Rosenborough , N. J , Farr , A. L and Randall , R. J. 1951 . Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. . J. Biol. Chem. , 193 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , M. I and Crisp , D. J. 1987 . Energy metabolism of eggs during embryogenesis in Balanus balanoides . J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. , 67 : 27 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• McEdward , L. R. 1984 . Morphometric and metabolic analysis of the growth and form of an Echinopluteus. . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 82 : 259 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEdward , L. R. 1986a . Comparative morphometrics of echinoderm larvae. (I) Some relationships between egg size and initial larval form in echinoids. . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 96 : 251 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEdward , L. R. 1986b . Comparative morphometrics of echinoderm larvae. II. Larval size, shape, growth, and the scaling of feeding and metabolism in echinoplutei. . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 96 : 267 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen , T. A. 1921 . Studies of the Development and Larval Forms of Echinoderms Copenhagen : GEC Gad .
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen , T. A. 1931 . Contributions to the study of the development and larval forms of echinoderms. I-II. Kgl. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. . Skr. Naturvid. Math. Afd. , 9 : 1 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen , T. A. 1938 . Contributions to the study of the development and larval forms of echinoderms IV. Kgl. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. . Skr. Naturvid. Math. Afd. 9 , 7 : 1 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Reisenbichler , K. R. and Bailey , T. G. 1991 . Microextraction of total lipid from mesopelagic animals. . Deepsea Res. , 38 : 1331 – 1339 .
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann , M. F. 1987 . Reproduction and Development of Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Coast Seattle : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann , R-R. , Fenaux , L. and Strathmann , R. R. 1992 . Heterochronic developmental plasticity in larval sea urchins and its implications for evolution of nonfeeding larvae. . Evolution , 46 : 972 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorson , G. 1950 . Reproduction and larval ecology of marine invertebrates. . Biol. Rev. , 25 : 145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. L. and Lawrence , J. M. 1979 . “ Volume and composition of echinoderm eggs: Implications for the use of egg size in life history models. ” . In Reproductive Ecology of Marine Invertebrates Edited by: Stancyk , S. E. 25 – 40 . Columbia, SC : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wray , G. A. 1995 . “ Evolution of larvae and developmental modes. ” . In Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae Edited by: McEdward , L. 413 – 447 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar