Ultrastructure of the sperm of Catostylus mosaicus and Phyllorhiza punctata (Scyphozoa, Cnidaria): Implications for sperm terminology and the inference of reproductive mechanisms

References

• Afzelius , B. A. and Franzén , A. 1971 . The spermatozoon of the jellyfish Nausithoe . J. Ultrastruct. Res. , 37 : 186 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arai , M. N. 1997 . A functional biology of Scyphozoa Chapman & Hall, London
   Google Scholar
• Avian , M. and Sandrini , R. 1991 . Oocyte development in four species of scyphomedusa in the northern Adriatic Sea 189 – 195 . Hydrobiologia, 216/217
   Google Scholar
• Bridge , D. , Cunnigham , C. W. , De Salle , R. and Buss , L. W. 1995 . Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: molecular and morphological evidence. . Mol. Biol. Evol. , 12 : 679 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cargo , D. G. 1979 . Observations on the settling behaviour of planular larvae of Chrysaora quinquecirrha . Int. J. Invert. Repro. , 1 : 279 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claus , C. 1878 . Studien über Polypen und Quallen der Adria. . I Acalephen, Denkschriften der Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissen-schaftliche Klasse , 38 l-64
   Google Scholar
• Conklin , E. G. 1908 . The habits and early development of Linerges mercurius . Carnegie Inst. Wash. , 103 : 153 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Fell , P. E. 1989 . “ Porifera ” . In Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates Edited by: Adiyodi , K. G. and Adiyodi , R. G . Vol. 4 , 1 – 41 . Chichester : Wiley . Part A, Fertilization, development, and parental care
   Google Scholar
• Franzén , Å. 1956 . On spermiogenesis, morphology of the spermatozoon and biology of fertilization among invertebrates. . Zool. Bidr. Upps. , 31 : 355 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Franzén , Å. 1967 . Remarks on spermiogenesis and morphology of the spermatozoon among the lower Metazoa. . Ark. Zool. , 19 : 335 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Franzén , Å. 1996 . Ultrastructure of spermatozoa and spermiogenesis in the hydrozoan Cordylophora caspia with comments on the structure and evolution of the sperm in the Cnidaria and the Porifera. . Invert. Reprod. Develop. , 29 : 19 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohar , H. A.F. and Eisawy , A. M. 1961 . The development of Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphomedusae). . Publ. Mar. Biol. Stat. Al-Ghardaqa , 11 : 147 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanaoka , K.-I. 1934 . Notes on the early development of a stalked medusa. . Proc. Imp. Acad. (Tokyo) , 10 : 117 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Hargitt , C. W. and Hargitt , G. T. 1910 . Studies in the development of Scyphomedusae. . J. Morph. , 21 : 217 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartwig , R. F. 1991 . Observations on the anatomy 171 – 179 . behaviour, reproduction and life cycle of the cubozoan Carybdea sivickisi. Hydrobiologia, 216/217
   Google Scholar
• Hedwig , M. and Schäfer , W. 1986 . Vergleichende untersuchungen zur ultrastruktur und zur phy logenetischen bedeutung der spermien der scyphozoa. . Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch , 24 : 109 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinsch , G. W. 1974 . Comparative ultrastructure of Cnidaria sperm. . Amer. Zool. , 14 : 457 – 465 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinsch , G. W. and Clark , W. H.J. 1973 . Comparative fine structure of Cnidaria spermatozoa. . Biol. Repro. , 8 : 62 – 73 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh , H.-L. and Simon , J. L. 1990 . The sperm transfer system in Kinbergonuphis simoni (Polychaeta: Onuphidae). . Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole , 178 : 85 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikinger , R. 1992 . Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)—Life history of a stationary population. . Mar. Ecol. , 13 : 333 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalevsky , A. 1884 . Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Lucernaria. . Zool. Anz. , 7 : 712 – 719 .
   Google Scholar
• Kramp , P. L. 1961 . Synopsis of the medusae of the world. . J. mar. biol. Assoc. U.K. , 40 : 1 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson , R. J. and Fautin , D. G. 1989 . Stauromedusae of the genus Manama (=Thaumatoscyphus) (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) in the northeast Pacific, including descriptions of new species Manama gwilliami Manania handi . Can. J. Zool. , 67 : 1543 – 1549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison , W. P. and Maddison , D. R. 1999 . MacClade Version 3.08 Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
   Google Scholar
• Odorico , D. M. and Miller , D. J. 1997 . Internal and external relationships of the Cnidaria—implications of primary and predicted secondary structure of the 5′-end of the 23s-like rDNA. . Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B , 264 : 77 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ÓFoighil , D. 1989 . Role of spermatozeugmata in the spawning ecology of the brooding oyster Ostrea edulis . Gamete Res. , 24 : 219 – 228 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortiz-Corp's , E. , Cutress , C. E. and Cutress , B. M. 1987 . Life-history of the coronate scyphozoan Linuche unguiculata (Swartz, 1788). . Caribbean J. Sci. , 23 : 432 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Otto , J. J. 1976 . “ Early development and planula movement in Haliclystus (Scyphozoa: Stauromedusae) ” . In Coel-enterate Ecology and Behaviour Edited by: Mackie , G. O. 319 – 329 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Reiswig , H. M. 1983 . “ Porifera ” . In Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates Edited by: Adiyodi , K. G. and Adiyodi , R. G. Vol. 2 , 1 – 21 . Chichester : Wiley . Spermatogenesis and sperm function
   Google Scholar
• Retzius , G. 1904 . Zur kenntnis der spermien der Evertebraten. I. Taf I—XII . Biologische Untersuchungen von G. Retzius N.F. , 11 : 1 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Retzius , G. 1905 . Zur kenntnis der spermien der Evertebraten. II. Biologische Untersuchungen von G . Retzius N.F. , 11 : 79 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , S. A. and Eckelbarger , K. J. 1989 . An ultrastructural investigation of spermatogenesis in the holopelagic polychaetes Vanadis formosa Krohnia lepidota (Polychaeta: Alciopidae). . Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole , 176 : 123 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , S. L. 1970 . Spawning and reproductive morphology of Scolelepis squamata (Spionidae: Polychaeta). . Can. J. Zool. , 48 : 1369 – 1379 .
   Google Scholar
• Rippingale , R. J. and Kelly , S. J. 1995 . Reproduction and survival of Phyllorhiza punctata (Cnidaria, Rhizostomeae) in a seasonally fluctuating salinity regime in Western Australia. . Mar. Fresh. Res. , 46 : 1145 – 1151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottini Sandrini , L. , Bratina , F. and Avian , M. 1986 . Aspetti ultrastrutturali della gametogenesi in Discomedusa lobata Claus . Nova Thalassia , 2 ( 8 ) : 59 – 66 . suppl
   Google Scholar
• Rouse , G. W. and Fitzhugh , K. 1994 . Broadcasting fables: Is external fertilization really primitive? . Sex, size and larvae in sabellid polychaetes. Zool. Scri. , 23 : 271 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse , G. W. and Jamieson , B. G.M. 1987 . An ultrastructural study of the spermatozoa of the polychaetes Eurythoe complanata (Amphinomidae), Clymenella sp. and Micro-maldane sp. (Maldanidae), with definition of sperm types in relation to reproductive biology . J. submicrosc. Cytol. , 19 : 573 – 584 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , F. S. and Rees , W. J. 1960 . The viviparous scyphomedusa Stygiomedusa fabulosa Russell. . J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. , 39 : 303 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , H. and Zissler , D. 1979 . Die Spermium der Anthozoa und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung. . Zoologica , 129 : 1 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Schuchert , P. 1993 . Phylogenetic analysis of the Cnidaria. . Z. zool. Sys. Evolut-forsch. , 31 : 161 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Silveira da , F. L. and Morandini , A. C. 1997 . Nausithoe aurea n. sp. . (Scyphozoa: Coronatae: Nausithoidae), a species with two pathways of reproduction after strobilation: sexual and asexual. Contr. Zool. , 66 : 235 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Suguira , Y. 1966 . On the life history of rhizostome medusae IV. . Cephea cephea. Embryologia , 9 : 105 – 122 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiel , H. 1966 . “ The evolution of Scyphozoa: A review ” . In The Cnidaria and Their Evolution Edited by: Rees , W. J. 78 – 117 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Uchida , T. 1926 . The anatomy and development of a rhizostome medusa, Mastigias papua L. . Agassiz, with observations on the phylogeny of Rhizostomae. J. Fac. Sci. Uni. Tokyo. Sect. 4, Zool. , 1 : 45 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Uchida , T. 1973 . The systematic position of the Stauromedusae. . Publ. Seto mar. biol. Lab. , 20 : 133 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• von Ledenfeld , R. 1882 . Über eine Übergangsform zwischen Semostomen und Rhizostomen. . Zool. Anz , 5 : 380 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• von Ledenfeld , R. 1888 . Über Coelenteraten der Südsee. . 7. Die australischen rhizostomen Medusen. Z. wiss. Zool. , 47 : 201 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Werner , B. 1973a . New investigations on systematics and evolution of the class Scyphozoa and the phylum Cnidaria. . Publ. Seto mar. biol. Lab. , 20 : 35 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Werner , B. 1973b . Spermatozeugmen und Paarungsverhalten bei Tripedalia cystophora (Cubomedusae). . Mar. Biol. , 18 : 212 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner , B. 1983 . Weitere Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Verbreitung und Ökologie von Stephanoscyphus planulophorus (Scyphozoa, Coronata). . Helgoländer Meeresunters , 36 : 119 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Widersten , B. 1965 . Genital organs and fertilisation in some Scyphozoa. . Zool. Bidrag. Uppsala , 37 : 45 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Wietrzykowski , W. 1912 . Recherches sur le development des Lucernaires. . Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. , 5 : 1 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi , M. and Hartwig , R. 1980 . “ Early life history of the sea wasp Chironex fleckeri (Class Cubozoa) ” . In Development and Cellular Biology of Coelenterates Edited by: Tardent , P. and Tardent , T. 11 – 16 . Amsterdam : Elsevier/North-Holland .
   Google Scholar