NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN SOME MICROALGAL SPECIES

REFERENCES

• Alscher , R. G. 1989 . Biosynlhesis and antioxidant function of glutathione in plants. . Physiol. Plant. , 77 : 457 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. M. and Krinsky , N. I. 1973 . Protective action of carotenoid pigments against photodynamic damage to liposomes. . Photochem. Photobiol. , 18 : 403 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AOAC . 1975 . Official Methods of Analysis, 12th ed. Washington , DC : Association of Official Analytical Chemists .
   Google Scholar
• Asada , K. and Takahashi , M. 1987 . “ Production and scavenging of active oxygen in photosynthesis ” . In Photoinhibition. Edited by: Kyle , D. J. , Osmond , C. B. and Arntzen , C. J. 228 – 287 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Amotz , A. and Avion , M. 1989 . “ The biotechnology of mass culturing Dunaliella for products of commercial interest ” . In Algal and cyanobacterial biotechnology. Longman Scientific and Technical Press, Harlow, UK Edited by: Cresswell , R. C. , Rees , T. A.V. and Shah , N. 90 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Aziz , A. , Grossman , S. , Ascarelli , I. and Budowski , P. 1970 . Linoleate oxidation induced by lipoxygenase and heme proteins: a direct spectrophotometric assay. . Anal. Biochem. , 34 : 88 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner , T. , Wyman , K. , Dubinsky , Z. and Falkowski , P. G. 1989 . Photoadaptation and the “package” effect in Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae). . J. Phycol. , 25 : 70 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borowitzka , M. A. and Borowitzka , L. J. 1988 . “ Dunaliella ” . In Microalgal biotechnology. Edited by: Borowitzka , M. A. and Borowitzka , L. J. 27 – 58 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bors , W. , Heller , W. , Michel , C. and Saran , M. 1990 . Flavonoids as antioxidants: determination of radical-scavenging efficiencies. . Methods Enzymol. , 186 : 343 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bors , W. , Heller , W. , Michel , C. and Stettmaier , K. 1996 . “ Flavonoids and polyphenols: chemistry and biology ” . In Handbook of antioxidants. Edited by: Cadenas , E. and Packer , L. Vol. 3 , 409 – 466 . Marcel Dekker, NY
   Google Scholar
• Elstner , E. F. 1982 . Oxygen activation and oxygen toxicity. . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 33 : 73 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , T. , Berner , T. , Gal , A. and Dubinsky , Z. 1998 . A comparison of computerized image analysis and stereology as tools for morphological study of algal cells. . Isr. J. Plant Sci. , 46 : 179 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Foote , C. S. , Chang , Y. C. and Denny , R. W. 1970 . Chemistry of singlet oxygen. . Carotenoid quenching parallels biological protection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 92 : 5216 – 5218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foyer , C. H. 1997 . “ Ascorbic acid ” . In Antioxidants in higher plants. Edited by: Alscher , R. G. and Hess , J. L. 31 – 58 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fridovich , I. 1986 . Biological effects of the superoxide radical. . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 247 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer , M. J. 1992 . The antioxidant effects of thylakoid vitamin E (α-tocopherol). . Plant Cell Environ. , 15 : 381 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuzawa , K. , Takase , S. and Tsukatani , H. 1985 . The effect of concentration on the antioxidant effectiveness of α-tocopherol in lipid peroxidation induced by superoxide free radicals. . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 240 : 117 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Pichel , F. , Wingard , C. E. and Castenholz , R. W. 1993 . Evidence regarding the UV sunscreen role of a mycosporine-like compound in the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 170 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillo , C. A. and Dulout , F. N. 1995 . Cytogenetic evaluation of butylated hydroxytoluene. . Mutat. Res. , 345 : 73 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , S. and Zakut , R. 1978 . “ Determination of the activity of lipoxygenase (lipoxidase) ” . In Methods Biochem. Edited by: Glick , D. 308 – 329 . Anal. 25
   Google Scholar
• Guillard , R. R.L. and Ryther , J. H. 1962 . Studies on marine planktonic diatoms. . Can. J. Microbiol. , 8 : 229 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen , C. , Braune , W. and Bjorn , L. O. 1994 . Functional aspects of secondary carotenoids in Haematococcus lacustris (Volvocales). . J. Phycol. , 30 : 241 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell , B. 1984 . Chloroplast metabolism. Oxford : Clarendon Press . 259
   Google Scholar
• Hausladen , A. and Alscher , R. G. 1993 . “ Glutathione ” . In Antioxidants in higher plants. Edited by: Alscher , R. G. and Hess , J. L. 1 – 30 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez , J. , Olmos , E. , Corpos , F. , Sevilla , F. and del Rio , L. A. 1995 . Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of pea plants. . Plant Sci. , 105 : 151 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , J. L. 1993 . “ Vitamin E, α-tocopherol ” . In Antioxidants in higher plants. Edited by: Alscher , R. G. and Hess , J. L. 111 – 134 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Karentz , D. , McEuen , F. S. , Land , M. C. and Dunlap , W. C. 1991 . Survey of mycosporine-like amino acid compounds in Antarctic marine organisms: potential protection from ultraviolet exposure. . Mar. Biol. , 108 : 157 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewus , F. A. and Loewus , M. W. 1987 . Biosynthesis and metabolism of ascorbic acid in plants. . CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 5 : 101 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavi , D. L. , Deshpande , S. S. and Salunkhe , D. K. 1995 . Food antioxidants. New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Matsukawa , R. , Takeuchi , T. , Dubinsky , Z. , Masaki , K. and Karube , I. 1997 . Enzymatic screening of microalgae as a potential source of natural antioxidants. . J. Pharmacol. , 66 : 239 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• McKersie , B. D. and Leshem , Y. Y. 1994 . Stress and stress coping in cultivated plants. Kluwer Academic Pulishers the Netherlands : Dordrecht . 255
   Google Scholar
• Pallet , K. E. and Young , A. J. 1993 . “ Plant phenolics ” . In Antioxidants in higher plants. Edited by: Alscher , R. G. and Hess , J. L. 59 – 90 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parke , D. V. and Lewis , D. F. 1992 . Safety aspects of food preservatives. . Food Addit. Contam. , 9 : 561 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , N. D. , Caldwell , S. E. and Mills , K. A. 1995 . Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids. . Lipids , 30 : 277 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siefermann-Harms , D. 1987 . The light-harvesting and protective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. . Physiol. Plant. , 69 : 561 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr , R. C. and Zeikus , J. A. 1993 . UTEX—The culture collection of algae at the University of Texas at Austin. . J. Phycol. , 29 : 90 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukenik , A. , Bennett , J. , Mortain-Bertrand , A. and Falkowski , P. G. 1990 . Adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to irradiance in Dunaliella tertiolecta . Plant Physiol. , 92 : 891 – 898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacha , F. 1995 . The role of oxygen in photosynthesis. . Photosynthetica , 31 : 321 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , X. and Witscht , H. 1995 . Mutations of the Ki-ras protooncogene in 3-methylcholanthrene and urethane-in- duced and butylated hydroxytoluene-promoted lung tumors of strain A/J and SWR mice. . Can. Res. , 91 : 33 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Wise , R. R. 1995 . Chilling-enhanced photooxidation: the production, action and study of reactive oxygen species produced during chilling in the light. . Photosynth. Res. , 45 : 79 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar