High sodium intake increases vascular superoxide formation and promotes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice

References

• Lifton R. P., Gharavi A. G., Geller D. S. Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 2001; 104: 545–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Z. J., Vaskonen T., Tikkanen I., Nurminen K., Ruskoaho H., Vapaatalo H., et al. Endothelial dysfunction and salt‐sensitive hypertension in spontaneously diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats. Hypertension 2001; 37: 433–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli F. H., Schmieder R. E. Salt and hypertension: Going to the heart of the matter. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 505–506
   Google Scholar
• Messerli F. H., Schmieder R. E., Weir M. R. Salt. A perpetrator of hypertensive target organ disease?. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2449–2452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon G. Experimental evidence for blood pressure‐independent vascular effects of high sodium diet. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 1074–1078
   Google Scholar
• de Wardener H. E., MacGregor G. A. Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 213–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri C., Bellini C., Desideri G., Giuliani E., De Siati L., Cicogna S., et al. Clustering of endothelial markers of vascular damage in human salt‐sensitive hypertension: Influence of dietary sodium load and depletion. Hypertension 1998; 32: 862–868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M. S., Adam A. G., Jaimes E. A., Raij L. In salt‐sensitive hypertension, increased superoxide production is linked to functional upregulation of angiotensin II. Hypertension 2003; 42: 945–951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles J. W., Reddick R. L., Jennette J. C., Shesely E. G., Smithies O., Maeda N. Enhanced atherosclerosis and kidney dysfunction in eNOS(−/−)apoe(−/−) mice are ameliorated by enalapril treatment. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 451–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima S., Yokoyama M. Dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 998–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy C. R., Zhang Y., Brandon S., Guan Y., Coffee K., Funk C. D., et al. Salt‐sensitive hypertension and reduced fertility in mice lacking the prostaglandin EP2 receptor. Nat Med 1999; 5: 217–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J., Mori T., Huang T., Lombard J. H. Effect of high‐salt diet on NO release and superoxide production in rat aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286: H575–H583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M. S., Jaimes E. A., Raij L. Atorvastatin prevents end‐organ injury in salt‐sensitive hypertension: Role of eNOS and oxidant stress. Hypertension 2004; 44: 186–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dmitrieva N. I., Cai Q., Burg M. B. Cells adapted to high NaCl have many DNA breaks and impaired DNA repair both in cell culture and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 2317–2322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman J. S., Beckman T. W., Chen J., Marshall P. A., Freeman B. A. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87: 1620–1624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suda O., Tsutsui M., Morishita T., Tanimoto A., Horiuchi M., Tasaki H., et al. Long‐term treatment with N(omega)‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester causes arteriosclerotic coronary lesions in endothelial nitric oxide synthase‐deficient mice. Circulation 2002; 106: 1729–1735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Uscio L. V., Baker T. A., Mantilla C. B., Smith L., Weiler D., Sieck G. C., et al. Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1017–1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima Y., Plump A. S., Raines E. W., Breslow J. L., Ross R. ApoE‐deficient mice develop lesions of all phases of atherosclerosis throughout the arterial tree. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 133–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meir K. S., Leitersdorf E. Atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein‐E‐deficient mouse: A decade of progress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1006–1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen M., Segerer S., Dantas M., Brown P. A., Hudkins K. L., Goodpaster T., et al. Renal injury in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice. Lab Invest 2002; 82: 999–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Q., Larson D. F., Slayback D., Lundeen T. F., Baxter J. H., Watson R. R. Characterization of high‐salt and high‐fat diets on cardiac and vascular function in mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2004; 4: 37–46
   Google Scholar
• Kauser K., da Cunha V., Fitch R., Mallari C., Rubanyi G. M. Role of endogenous nitric oxide in progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278: H1679–H1685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J., Valen G., Tokuno S., Thoren P., Pernow J. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice: Improved relaxation by combined supplementation with l‐arginine‐tetrahydrobiopterin and enhanced vasoconstriction by endothelin. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131: 1255–1261
   Google Scholar
• Cifuentes M. E., Rey F. E., Carretero O. A., Pagano P. J. Upregulation of p67(phox) and gp91(phox) in aortas from angiotensin II‐infused mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279: H2234–H2240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Z. J., Grönholm T., Louhelainen M., Finckenberg P., Merasto S., Tikkanen I., et al. Vascular and renal effects of vasopeptidase inhibition and angiotensin‐converting enzyme blockade in spontaneously diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1757–1770
   Google Scholar
• Li Y., Zhu H., Kuppusamy P., Roubaud V., Zweir J. L., Trush M. A. Validation of lucigenin (bis‐N‐methylacridinium) as a chemilumigenic probe for detecting superoxide anion radical production by enzymatic and cellular systems. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 2015–2023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann S., Czech T., van Eickels M., Fleming I., Bohm M., Nickenig G. Inhibition of diet‐induced atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein E/angiotensin II type 1A receptor double‐knockout mice. Circulation 2004; 110: 3062–3067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenda D. M., Sauls B. A., Boegehold M. A. Reactive oxygen species may contribute to reduced endothelium‐dependent dilation in rats fed high salt. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279: H7–H14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragulat E., de la Sierra A., Antonio M. T., Coca A. Endothelial dysfunction in salt‐sensitive essential hypertension. Hypertension 2001; 37: 444–448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson I. B., Franklin S. S., Cockcroft J. R. Nitric oxide and the regulation of large artery stiffness: From physiology to pharmacology. Hypertension 2004; 44: 112–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow J. D. Quantification of isoprostanes as indices of oxidant stress and the risk of atherosclerosis in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 279–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rio D., Stewart A. J., Pellegrini N. A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15: 316–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylis C., Vallance P. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels in plasma and urine – what does this measure tell us about the activity of the endogenous nitric oxide system?. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998; 7: 59–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen J. B., Somers M., Kurz S., McCann L., Warnholtz A., Freeman B. A., Tarpey M., et al. Endothelial regulation of vasomotion in apoE‐deficient mice: Implications for interactions between peroxynitrite and tetrahydrobiopterin. Circulation 2001; 103: 1282–1288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deckert V., Lizard G., Duverger N., Athias A., Palleau V., Emmanuel F., et al. Impairment of endothelium‐dependent arterial relaxation by high‐fat feeding in ApoE‐deficient mice: Toward normalization by human ApoA‐I expression. Circulation 1999; 100: 1230–1235
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T., D'uscio L. V., Eguchi D., Akiyama M., Smith L. A., Katusic Z. S. Protective effect of chronic vitamin C treatment on endothelial function of apolipoprotein E‐deficient mouse carotid artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306: 103–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanovski O., Szumilak D., Nguyen‐Khoa T., Dechaux M., Massy Z. A., Phan O., et al. Dietary salt restriction accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2005; 180: 271–276
   Google Scholar
• Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals, fourth revised edition; 1995
   Google Scholar
• Catanozi S., Rocha J. C., Passarelli M., Guzzo M. L., Alves C., Furukawa L. N. S., et al. Dietary sodium chloride restriction enhances aortic wall lipid storage and raises plasma lipid concentration in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2003; 44: 727–732
   Google Scholar
• Hartley C. J., Reddy A. K., Madala S., Martin‐McNulty B., Vergona R., Sullivan M. E., et al. Hemodynamic changes in apolipoprotein E‐knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279: H2326–H2334
   Google Scholar