304
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

The kidney and cardiovascular risk – Implications for management: A consensus statement from the European Society of Hypertension

, , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 72-79 | Received 15 Nov 2006, Accepted 13 Mar 2007, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Brosius F. C., Hostetter T. H., Kelepouris E., Mitsnefes M. M., Moe S. M., Moore M. A., et al. Detection of chronic kidney disease in patients with or at increased risk of cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the American Heart Association Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease Council; the Councils on High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and Epidemiology and Prevention; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: Developed in Collaboration With the National Kidney Foundation. Circulation 2006; 114: 1083–1087
  • Dzau V., Braunwald E. Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease: A workshop consensus statement. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 1244–1263
  • Zanchetti A. Evidence‐based medicine in hypertension: What type of evidence?. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1113–1120
  • Segura J., Garcia‐Donaire J. A., Praga M., Ruilope L. M. Chronic kidney disease as a situation of high added risk in hypertensive patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 Suppl 2: S136–S140
  • Ruilope L. M., van Veldhuisen D. J., Ritz E., Luscher T. F. Renal function: The Cinderella of cardiovascular risk profile. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1782–1787
  • Go A. S., Chertow G. M., Fan D., McCulloch C. E., Hsu C. Y. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296–1305
  • Chobanian A. V., Bakris G. L., Black H. L., Cushman W. C., Green L. A., Izzo J. L., et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1206–1252
  • Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011–1053
  • K‐DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: S1–S290
  • Lewis E. J., Hunsicker L. G., Bain R. P., Rohde R. D. The effect of angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456–1462
  • Brenner B. M., Cooper M. E., de Zeeuw D., Keane W. F., Mitch W. E., Parving H. H., et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861–869
  • Wright J. T., Bakris G., Greene T., Agodoa L. Y., Appel L. J., Charleston J., et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: Results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 2421–2431
  • Segura J., Campo C., Rodicio J. L., Ruilope L. M. ACE inhibitors and appearance of renal events in hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Hypertension 2001; 38: 645–649
  • De Zeeuw D., Remuzzi G., Parving H. H., Keane W. F., Zhang Z., Shahinfar S., et al. Albuminuria, a therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Circulation 2004; 110: 921–927
  • Bakris G. L. Implications of albuminuria on kidney disease progression. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2004; 6 Suppl 3: 18–22
  • Ruggenenti P., Perna A., Loriga G., Ganeva M., Ene‐Iordache B., Turturro M., et al. Blood‐pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non‐diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN‐2): Multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 939–946
  • Nakao N., Yoshimura A., Morita H., Takada M., Kayano T., Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin‐II receptor blocker and angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitor in non‐diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 117–124
  • Nakao N., Seno H., Kasuga H., Toriyama T., Kawahara H., Fukagawa M. Effects of combination treatment with losartan and trandolapril on office and ambulatory blood pressures in non‐diabetic renal disease: A COOPERATE‐ABP substudy. Am J Nephrol 2004; 24: 543–548
  • MacKinnon M., Shurraw S., Akbari A., Knoll G. A., Jaffey J., Clark H. D. Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 8–20
  • Epstein M. Aldosterone blockade: An emerging strategy for abrogating progressive renal disease. Am J Med 2006; 119: 912–919
  • Dagenais G. R., Poque J., Fox K., Simoons M. L., Yusuf S. Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: A combined analysis of three trials. Lancet 2006; 368: 581–588
  • Mann J. F., Gerstein H. C., Poque J., Bosch J., Yusuf S. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: The HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 629–636
  • Segura J., Campo C., Gil P., Roldan C., Vigil L., Rodicio J. L., et al. Development of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular prognosis in essential hypertensive patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 1616–1622
  • Mancia G., Grassi G., Zanchetti A. New onset diabetes and antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 3–10
  • Parving H. H., Lehnert H., Brochner‐Mortensen J., Gomis R., Andersen S., Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870–878
  • Lewis E. J., Hunsicker L. G., Clarke W. R., Berl T., Pohl M. A., Lewis J. B., et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin‐receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851–860
  • Barnett A. H., Bain S. C., Bouter P., Karlberg B., Madsbad S., Jervell J., , for the Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group, et al. Angiotensin‐receptor blockade versus converting‐enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1952–1961
  • Ruggenenti P., Fassi A., Ilieva A. P., Bruno S., Iliev I. P., Brusegan V., , for the Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators, et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1941–1951
  • Haller H., Viberti G. C., Mimran A., Remuzzi G., Rabelink A. J., Ritz E., et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes: Rationale and design of the Randomised Olmesartan and Diabetes Microalbuminuria Prevention (ROADMAP) study. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 403–408
  • Chatuverdi N., Sjoelie A. K., Svensson A., for the DIRECT Programme Study Group. The DIabetic Retinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme, rationale and study design. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2002; 3: 255–261
  • Grundy S. M., Cleeman J. I., Daniels S. R., Donato K. A., Eckel R. H., Franklin B. A., et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735–2752
  • Wilson P. W., D'Agostino R. B., Parise H., Sullivan L., Meigs J. B. Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2005; 112: 3066–3072
  • Whaley‐Connell A., Sowers J. R. Chronic kidney disease and the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006; 8: 546–548
  • Chen J., Muntner P., Hamm L. L., Jones D. W., Batuman V., Fonseca V., et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 167–174
  • Cordero A., Laclaustra M., Leon M., Grima A., Casanovas J. A., Luengo E., et al. Prehypertension is associated with insulin resistance state and not with an initial renal function impairment. A Metabolic Syndrome in Active Subjects in Spain (MESYAS) Registry substudy. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19: 189–196
  • American Diabetes Association, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 Suppl 1: S47–S54
  • Haffner S. M. The prediabetic problem: Development of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and related abnormalities. J Diabetes Complications 1997; 11: 69–76
  • de Vegt F., Dekker J. M., Jager A., Hienkens E., Kostense P. J., Stehouwer C. D., et al. Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: The Hoorn Study. JAMA 2001; 285: 2109–2113
  • The DECODE Study Group: Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: Comparison of fasting and 2‐hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 397–405
  • Saydah S. H., Loria C. M., Eberhardt M. S., Brancati F. L. Subclinical states of glucose intolerance and risk of death in the US. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 447–453
  • Manley S. M., Meyer L. C., Neil H. A. W., Ross I. S., Turner R. C., Holman R. R. Complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and their association with different clinical and biochemical risk factors. UKPDS 6. Diabetes Res 1990; 13: 1–11
  • American Diabetes Association. Screening for type‐2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(Suppl 1): S11–S14
  • Bakris G., Molitch M., Sowers J., Hewkin A., Fakouhi K., Bacher P. Differences in glucose tolerance between antihypertensive combination drugs in metabolic syndrome patients. Results of STAR. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006; 8(suppl A): A177 [Abstract]
  • Gaede P., Vedel P., Larsen N., Jensen G. V., Parving H. H., Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 383–393
  • King H., Aubert R. E., Herman W. H. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1414–1431
  • Lewington S., Clarke R., Qizilbash N., Peto R., Collins R., for the Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age‐specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta‐analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903–1913
  • Tozawa M., Iseki K., Iseki C., Kinjo K., Ikemiya Y., Takishita S. Blood pressure predicts risk of developing end‐stage renal disease in men and women. Hypertension 2003; 41: 1341–1345
  • Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood‐pressure‐lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Results of prospectively‐designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527–1535
  • Turnbull F., Neal B., Algert C., Chalmers J., Chapman N., Cutler J., , for the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration, et al. Effects of different blood pressure‐lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1410–1419
  • Casas J. P., Chua W., Loukogeorgakis S., Vallance P., Smeeth L., Hingorani A. D., et al. Effect of inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lancet 2005; 366: 2026–2033
  • The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Guidelines on diabetes, prediabetes, and cardiovascular disease: Executive summary. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 88–136

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.