The effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure and sympathetic function in patients with refractory hypertension: the rationale and design of the Nordic BAT study*

References

• Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003-2008. Hypertension. 2011;57:1076–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, et al. Clinical features of 8,295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 2011;57:898–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmqvist L, Bengtsson KB, Boström K, et al. Prevalence of treatment resistant hypertension, and important associated factors - results from the Swedish Primary Care Cardiovascular Database. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10:836–846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL. Resistant hypertension: an overview of evaluation and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1749–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander GE, Giles TD. Resistant hypertension: concepts and approach to management. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011;13:347–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2008;51:1403–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi G. Sympathetic neural activity in hypertension and related diseases. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23:1052–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgakopoulos D, Little WC, Abraham WT, et al. Chronic baroreflex activation: a potential therapeutic approach to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Card Fail. 2011;17:167–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmeier TE, Irwin ED, Rossing MA, et al. Prolonged activation of the baroreflex produces sustained hypotension. Hypertension. 2004;43:306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisognano JD, Bakris G, Nadim MK, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Rheos Pivotal Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:765–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw PW, Alnima T, Lovett E, et al. Bilateral or unilateral stimulation for baroreflex activation therapy. Hypertension. 2015;65:187–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe UC, Brandt MC, Wachter R, et al. Minimally invasive system for baroreflex activation therapy chronically lowers blood pressure with pacemaker-like safety profile: results from the Barostim neo trial. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2012;6:270–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallbach M, Lehnig LY, Schroer C, et al. Effects of baroreflex activation therapy on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2016;67:701–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallbach M, Lehnig LY, Schroer C, et al. Effects of baroreflex activation therapy on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics in patients with resistant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2015;33:181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), et al. ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1281–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration), et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assmann SF, Pocock SJ, Enos LE, et al. Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials. Lancet. 2000;355:1064–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toorop RJ, Scheltinga MR, Moll FL, et al. Anatomy of the carotid sinus nerve and surgical implications in carotid sinus syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50:177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner T, Lebar L, Wittmann S, (Anesthesia management in implantation of baroreceptor stimulators), et al. Anästhesiologisches Management bei Implantation von Barorezeptorenstimulatoren. Anaesthesist. 2015;64:683–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CVRx®. CVRx® receives CE mark approval and introduces new implantable device for hypertension, the Barostim neo™, 2011 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.cvrx.com/intl_news/cvrx-receives-ce-mark-approval-and-introduces-new-implantable-device-for-hypertension-the-barostim-neo/
   Google Scholar
• CVRx®. CVRx® receives CE mark approval of the Barostim neo System™ for the treatment of heart failure, 2014 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.cvrx.com/usa_news/cvrx-receives-ce-mark-approval-barostim-neo-system-treatment-heart-failure/
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson IB, Fuchs SA, Jansen IM, et al. Reproducibility of pulse wave velocity and augmentation index measured by pulse wave analysis. J Hypertens. 1998;16:2079–2084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosengård-Bärlund M, Bernardi L, Fagerudd J, FinnDiane Study Group, et al. Early autonomic dysfunction in type 1 diabetes: a reversible disorder? Diabetologia. 2009;52:1164–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paini A, Boutouyrie P, Calvet D, et al. Multiaxial mechanical characteristics of vulnerable carotid plaque: analysis by multiarray echotracking system. Stroke. 2007;38:117–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuvin JT, Patel AR, Sliney KA, et al. Assessment of peripheral vascular endothelial function with finger arterial pulse wave amplitude. Am Heart J. 2003;146:168–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heusser K, Tank J, Engeli S, et al. Carotid baroreceptor stimulation, sympathetic activity, baroreflex function, and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2010;55:619–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Nadim MK, Haller H, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy provides durable benefit in patients with resistant hypertension: results of long-term follow-up in the Rheos Pivotal Trial. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2012;6:152–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw PW, Bakris GL, Nadim MK, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy consistently maintains blood pressure reduction in a a large resistant hypertension cohort for at least 6 years. J Hypertens. 2015;33(Suppl1):e108.
   Google Scholar
• Wachter R, Halbach M, Bakris GL, et al. An exploratory propensity score matched comparison of second-generation and first-generation baroreflex activation therapy systems. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2017;11:81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadl Elmula FE, Hoffmann P, Larstorp AC, et al. Adjusted drug treatment is superior to renal sympathetic denervation in patients with true treatment-resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2014;63:991–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA. 1996;275:1557–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronda E, Seravalle G, Brambilla G, et al. Chronic baroreflex activation effects on sympathetic nerve traffic, baroreflex function, and cardiac haemodynamics in heart failure: a proof-of-concept study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:977–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham WT, Zile MR, Weaver FA, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy for the treatment of heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3:487–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar