Age-dependent sympathetic neural responses to ß₁ selective beta-blockade in untreated hypertension-related tachycardia

References

• Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS Jr, et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1489–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palatini P, Julius S. Association of tachycardia with morbidity and mortality: pathophysiological considerations. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11(Suppl 1):S19–S27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ, et al. Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1951–1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock SJ, Wang D, Pfeffer MA, et al. Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:65–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hozawa A, Inoue R, Ohkubo T, et al. Predictive value of ambulatory heart rate in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1571–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Palatini P, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Usefulness of heart rate to predict cardiac events in treated patients with high-risk systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:685–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong C, Zhong X, Xu T, et al. Combined effects of hypertension and heart rate on the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease: a population-based prospective cohort study among Inner Mongolians in China. Hypertens Res. 2015;38:883–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palatini P, Reboldi G, Beilin LJ, et al. Masked tachycardia. A predictor of adverse outcome in hypertension. J Hypertens. 2017;35:487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esler MD, Julius S, Randall OS, et al. Relation of renin status to neurogenic vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1975;36:708–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esler M, Jennings G, Biviano B, et al. Mechanism of elevated plasma noradrenaline in the course of essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1986;8:S39–S43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson EA, Sinkey CA, Lawton WJ, et al. Elevated sympathetic nerve activity in borderline hypertensive humans. Evidence from direct intraneural recordings. Hypertension. 1989;14:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi G. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in human hypertension. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1979–1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi G, Arenare F, Quarti-Trevano F, et al. Heart rate, sympathetic cardiovascular influences, and the metabolic syndrome. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;52:31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyper LM, Khan NA. Atenolol vs nonatenolol β-blockers for the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:S47–S53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hering D, Kucharska W, Kara T, et al. Resting sympathetic outflow does not predict the morning blood pressure surge in hypertension. J Hypertens. 2011;29:2381–2386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hering D, Kara T, Kucharska W, et al. High-normal blood pressure is associated with increased resting sympathetic activity but normal responses to stress tests. Blood Press. 2013;22:183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, et al. Kubios HRV-heart rate variability analysis software. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2014;113:210–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1787–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli FH, Grossman E, Goldbourt U. Are beta-blockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review. JAMA. 1998;279:1903–1907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005;366:1545–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1482–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Fonseca LL, et al. Prognostic significance of baseline heart rate and its interaction with beta-blocker use in resistant hypertension: a cohort study. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:218–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larochelle P, Tobe SW, Lacourciere Y. β-Blockers in hypertension: studies and meta-analyses over the years. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:S16–S22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs MC, Lenders JW, Smits P, et al. Long-term beta 1-adrenergic blockade restores adrenomedullary activity in primary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1997;30:338–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundlof G, Wallin BG, Stromgren E, et al. Acute effects of metoprolol on muscle sympathetic activity in hypertensive humans. Hypertension. 1983;5:749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogliati C, Colombo S, Ruscone TG, et al. Acute beta-blockade increases muscle sympathetic activity and modifies its frequency distribution. Circulation. 2004;110:2786–2791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin BG, Sundlof G, Stromgren E, et al. Sympathetic outflow to muscles during treatment of hypertension with metoprolol. Hypertension. 1984;6:557–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns J, Mary DA, Mackintosh AF, et al. Arterial pressure lowering effect of chronic atenolol therapy in hypertension and vasoconstrictor sympathetic drive. Hypertension. 2004;44:454–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz CM. Betaxolol in anxiety disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1998;10:9–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunka RL, Wong YY, Andersen RL, et al. Steady-state fluctuation and variability of betaxolol and atenolol plasma levels. Ther Drug Monit. 1989;11:523–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkow B. Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol Rev. 1982;62:347–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Krause L, Schork NJ, et al. Hyperkinetic borderline hypertension in Tecumseh, Michigan. J Hypertens. 1991;9:77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli FH, Ventura HO, Reisin E, et al. Borderline hypertension and obesity: two prehypertensive states with elevated cardiac output. Circulation. 1982;66:55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Nesbitt S. Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension. A moving target. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:113S–120S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi G, Vailati S, Bertinieri G, et al. Heart rate as marker of sympathetic activity. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1635–1639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins KJ. Age-related changes in autonomic control: the use of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. Cardiovasc Drug Ther. 1991;4(Suppl 6):1257–1262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seals DR, Dinenno FA. Collateral damage: cardiovascular consequences of chronic sympathetic activation with human aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287:H1895–H1905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esler M, Hastings J, Lambert G, et al. The influence of aging on the human sympathetic nervous system and brain norepinephrine turnover. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;282:R909–R916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier C, Jennings GL, Eisenhofer G, et al. Evidence for increased noradrenaline release from subcortical brain regions in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1993;11:1217–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzetti S, Piccaluga E, Casati R, et al. Sympathetic predominance in essential hypertension: a study employing spectral analysis of heart rate variability. J Hypertens. 1988;6:711–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Pascual AV, Sannerstedt R, et al. Relationship between cardiac output and peripheral resistance in borderline hypertension. Circulation. 1971;43:382–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palatini P, Rosei EA, Casiglia E, et al. Management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: Statement of the Second Consensus Conference endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2016;34:813–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zateyshchikov DA, Minushkina LO, Brovkin AN, et al. Association of CYP2D6 and ADRB1 genes with hypotensive and antichronotropic action of betaxolol in patients with arterial hypertension. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2007;21:437–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charkoudian N, Joyner MJ, Johnson CP, et al. Balance between cardiac output and sympathetic nerve activity in resting humans: role in arterial pressure regulation. J Physiol (Lond). 2005;568:315–321.
   Google Scholar